While not part of the interindustry transactions, these sectors are somewhat analogous to commodities, and are represented as rows for each industry in the Use table. Miller, R. & Blair, P. Input-output analysis: Foundations and extensions. The authors declare no competing interests. In Water_national_2015_m1, employment data are used to allocate water withdrawals to relevant sectors identified by USGS. The employment sector attribution model is created by importing and formatting the 2017 BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) table58. Calculate Procurement-Related Emissions - Salesforce The original Mining attribution version calculated results using process and employment-based factors published by Blackhurst et al.53. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. 4, EI is a emission x industry matrix of national totals of each flow by industry sector in year y, and xz,y is a vector of gross output by industry in year z, given in year y dollars. However when this demand vector is applied to the model, output of these commodities is positive due to industry consumption, reflecting the commodity output totals. The Economic Census data provides monetary receipt values by detailed NAICS codes and customer class. Changes in selection of data sources and methodologies for compiling these into a standard format are described below. Increase in emissions for landscaping services. - Government published carbon conversion factors. Green Purchasing in Alameda County, CA The original relation between the environmental data in the form of national totals by industry, E, and the model economic data uses the model industry output, as described in Eq. https://www.bea.gov/resources/methodologies/concepts-methods-io-accounts (U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2009). However, changes in the Make Transactions have resulted in a substantial increase in the quantity assigned to the Corn products commodity; Other basic organic chemicals, which is one of the largest generators of CRHW, supplies a significantly higher share of Corn products in the make transactions, increasing from approximately 4% of total commodity output in 2007 to 37% in 2012. Results for these commodities should not be used for analytical purposes. The Use table rows represent the use of commodities by the industries in the IO table. The 2021 edition is no longer available for purchase. Slider with three articles shown per slide. 28. Mercury emissions to air drive the increase seen in Cement (9% contribution to HTOX), that arenot due to change in emissions, but rather toxicity characterization that was not present in v1.2. Where particular elementary flows are reported in both NEI and TRI, flows are maintained from the NEI only to prevent double counting. Yang, Y., Hawkins, T. & Ingwersen, W. USEEIO satellite files. Household consumption accounts for the largest share of the global anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. There are few notable changes in intensity of CRHW in v2.0. 16. Supply Chain GHG Emission Factors for US Commodities and - Catalog In some cases, an emissions estimate may be necessary to determine if the category is relevant based on size. U.S. Energy Information Administration. The calculated per capita GHG in the US production view of 15.57 MTCO2e/person is reasonably close to a World Bank tabulated estimate of 15.77 MTCO2e/person in 201266, considering USEEIO v2.0 is a mixed year model with the GHG emissions data representing 2016 intensity in 2012 USD. These include values such as the carbon dioxide equivalencies of the flows that are greenhouse gases. & Ingwersen, W. National land occupation totals by industry 2012 v1.1. Name of source. The information is tracked by how facilities manage hazardous waste as generators, transporters, or treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDF). Supply Chain Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for US Industries and Commodities (No. U.S. Census Bureau https://www.census.gov/naics/concordances/2012_to_2007_NAICS.xls (2019). The Federal LCA Commons Elementary Flow List (FEDEFL) v1.0.7 is used to represent the substance, environmental compartment or origin or release, and the unit in a common format with Federal LCA data14,15. The totals for household, investment, and government consumers in the Use table include consumption of direct imports as positive values. The columns of the A or L matrices show the pure economic direct or total requirements for a commodity, which may be used for supply chain mapping or for economic impact analysis. Environmentally Extended Input-Output Data.EEIO data refers to EEIO emission factors that can be used to estimate scope 1, 2, and upstream Scope 3 GHG Emissions for a given industry or product category.. EEIO data is particularly useful in screening emissions sources when prioritizing data collection efforts. This disproportionate share of the original value of the waste remediation industry, combined with the industry allocations already used for the Use table columns, can result in an imbalance in the allocation totals for the disaggregated waste industries in the Use and Make tables. Impacts with smaller domestic proportions of impact like Energy Use are dominated by sectors like Gasoline, fuels, that are more dependent on imports for their inputs, as in crude oil for this sector in 201274. Environmentally-extended input output (EEIO) models estimate energy use and/or GHG emissions resulting from the production and upstream value chain activities of different sectors and products within an economy. Ingwersen, W., Garvey, T. & Bergmann, M. USEEIOv1.1 - Elementary Flows and Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) Characterization Factors. Res. Carbon intensity of electricity production (CO2 or CO2e per unit electricity). USEEIO v2.0, or referred to solely as v2.0, is the latest edition of the US Environmentally-Extended Input-Output (USEEIO) model for assessing a full suite of potential life cycle impacts of US. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1524316 (2021). 25 is substituted for L and yd Eq. The A matrix with just domestic direct requirements, Ad, can be created using a similar derivation used for A but using the domestic form of the Use matrix. To ensure that these changes do not violate the balance required to build the model, both the commodity and industry totals of the Make and Use tables were compared after the disaggregation process to the original datasets in a commodity-to-commodity and industry-to-industry comparison. In the production vector, the direct imports both used by final consumers and industries are removed. https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/ (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020). 58% of the value of the original waste sector is allocated to the intersection of Hazardous waste treatment and disposal with itself, while the Hazardous waste treatment and disposal column contains 89% of the total value of the intersection disaggregation. In the case of the new waste commodity and industry totals, they summed to within 1% of the Waste and Remediation commodity and industry totals in the 2012 BEA Detail Make and Use tables. Some scope 3 categories may be relevant, but initially lack readily available data to use in estimating emissions. Commercial buildings energy consumption survey 2012. https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/ (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016). https://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/data/2010/ (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2013). Figure 2 shows an example progression over time of improvement and expansion. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Notable in the BEA data is that imports in ym are represented with negative values. A full list of model commodities is presented in the primary data record. WRI's Sustainability Initiative was created to align the Institute's operations with its mission. Then calculate electricity emissions using emission factors in the EF Hub. EPA researchers worked with partners at US Department of Defenses (DOD) environmental research programs (the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program and the Environmental Security Technology Certification Program) to use USEEIO as the basis for re-creating an input-output model tailored to the specific needs of the DOD, such as life-cycle analysis formilitary equipment. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. In v2.0, these land use categories are allocated to sectors using BLS employment data43. Thank you for visiting nature.com. In contrast, in USEEIO v1.2, the comparable value added coefficients varied from ~0.51.5, because of a method to approximate 2016 value added from summary level data to pair with the 2007 Use table6 that led to a departure from this identity. More organizations are reaching into their value chains to understand the full GHG impact of their operations. Producer price is the price of a commodity reflecting an industrys cost to produce it including commodity taxes11. Direct SMOG impacts have decreased across most agricultural commodities, especially crops (e.g. Direct and Indirect Water Withdrawals for U.S. Industrial Sectors. Sector correspondence between the BEA and NAICS codes, or the Sector Crosswalk, is created to connect the two classification systems and enable mapping from one system to the other. sectors in an EEIO model) that drive a particular indicator value is a conventional analytical practice in life cycle assessment18. v2 models represent a second generation of USEEIO models built using an improved technical infrastructure9. Crop Irrigation water withdrawals are allocated proportionally using water use by crop type. The final factors are available in the Supply Chain Emission Factors for US Industries and Commodities dataset. A similar approach is used to calculate the direct+indirect impacts x sector with the direct perspective as Hr but it uses includes the D direct impact matrix to characterize those flows as shown in Eq. Then one can continue to derive the equivalent of L for domestic use, Ld from Ad, using Eq. The indicator characterization factors for all elementary flows were built in the LCIA Formatter v1.0.263 as LCIA data products. As described in the Splitting Impacts section, in v2.0, impacts can be split between those originating in the US vs. the rest of the world. Quarterly census of employment and wages 2012. https://www.bls.gov/cew/downloadable-data-files.htm (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020). Significant decreases in HRSP are visible in agricultural sectors except in Cattle. Advancing sustainable materials management: 2014 fact sheet. These footprints can be calculated by performing a model calculation as in Eqs. L is in commodity x commodity form and represents the total inputs of commodities (rows) used to make a commodity (columns). Internet Explorer). http://edap-data-commons.s3.amazonaws.com/data_commons_search.html (2021). Then, the imports, yi, are subtracted from the final demand in the original Use table, to get domestic final demand, yd, as in Eq. A set of ~40 v2 models with only greenhouse gas (GHG) satellite tables were constructed using IO and environmental data for varying years (20102016), number of sectors (~400, ~70, ~15) and model formulation types (commodity-based and industry-based) to generate supply chain GHG emission factors1. BLM/OC/ST-08/001+1165 https://www.blm.gov/sites/blm.gov/files/pls07.pdf (U.S. Bureau of Land Management, 2008). Alameda Countys Supply Chain Sustainability Report, developed using the USEEIO, provides a guide for how government purchasing can be a catalyst for matching sustainability with advancing the health and wellbeing of its citizens. v1.2 was created using the 2014 BLS National Employment Matrix, while v2.0 was created with 2017 BLS QCEW. PDF Emission Factors for Greenhouse Gas Inventories The three zeroes at the end of the BEA code for Waste management and remediation services indicate that it is at the 3-digit NAICS level. Emission factors (Resource) - WikiCarbon New procedures for preparing and integrating these datasets into the model are described in the Procedure for Model Building section. Sarah Cashman, Bill Michaud and Ally Brown assisted with project management. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Handbook of methods. Derivation of these demand vectors is described in depth in the Final Demand section, since these have not been previously described in USEEIO documentation. Developed by EPA researchers in support of the Agencys sustainable materials management program, USEEIO melds data on economic transactions between 389 industry sectors with a wealth of environmental information, including data on land, water, energy and mineral use, air pollution, nutrients, and toxics. In past models, nonpoint air emissions from industrial combustion were not mapped to sectors due to insufficient data. Article LCIA formatter. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1524315 (2021). The production vector adds to the consumption vector the net trade balance as well as inventory/stock changes. For v2.0, the USD year of the model is the same as the IO data, 2012 USD. 35, is a vector of the column sums of the given H (see Eqs. The factors are described below: CO 2 emission factors for electricity and heat generation for world countries (in CO 2 per kWh, 1990 to 2019). As such, it is becoming an important addition to material flow accounting . For v2.0, value added direct and indirect impact coefficients from N are ~1 for all sectors. Emissions from some activities relating to solvent utilization were omitted from this method due to challenges and quality of the allocation approach. The allocation methodology for industrial water withdrawal was modified for v2.0. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis https://www.bea.gov/industry/input-output-accounts-data (2019). Matrix algebra is used to represent the steps of creating the USEEIO model, using conventions for variable names commonly used in a mix of standard references for IO analysis16 and LCA17, and the existing USEEIO model documentation. Stat. 23. These factors were prepared using USEEIO models, which are a life cycle models of goods and services in the US economy. IPCC Emissions Factor Database. The state data are summed to calculate national land use by animal type for pasture and grazed land. To relate the environmental and employment data to the IO data, Eqs. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. There are five industries that produce the 562000 commodity. In Fig. The USEEIO Modeling Framework for USEEIO v2.09 provides an overview of the source code along with links to useeior and supporting software packages. Publications Office of the European Union In some cases, environmental flows may appear in more than one satellite table if the associated sectors do not overlap. This data is more complete than the flows reported by hazardous waste shippers, and so is preferred for the waste disaggregation. Where the BLS is missing data, less aggregated NAICS are summed, or more aggregated NAICS are equally allocated. For more information and to download the 2016 report and methodology, see: https://www.epa.gov/smm/2016-recycling-economic-information-rei-report-and-methodology. The increase in impact intensity for Museums, historical sites, zoos and parks is explained by accounting for national parks in land use v2.0, whereas previously land for national parks was excluded. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The modeling steps were written in Python and consolidated into a software package called flowsa. The resulting coefficients from these calculations can be interpreted as a measure of the environmental intensity of a sector in the year the environmental data are reported, but given in terms of the IO year dollar value. 17, 19) matrix, representing total indicator amount for each indicator. The right side of Eq. Impact of locational choices and consumer behaviors on personal land footprints: An exploration across the urban-rural continuum in USA. It is assumed that local governments do not perform hazardous waste disposal, site remediation, or other waste disposal functions to a significant degree. Corn products shows a substantial increase in total CRHW relative to similar sectors. For calculating any domestic result (see sec. Additionally, the use of Electricity and Truck transport by agricultural sectors are the greatest contributors to SMOG from non-agricultural sectors. To obtain an allocation percentage for the industries that consume Waste management and remediation services commodity (i.e. In v2.0, the industrial water withdrawal sectors were expanded to include sectors within NAICS 11, 23, 48, 51, 54, 56, and 81, as defined in the USGS to NAICS crosswalk in flowsav1.0.1 and as recommended by the USGS. Why Scope 3 Accounting is Broken in Fashion Industry - LinkedIn FLOWSA v1.0.1. The general equation for emissions estimation is: E = A x EF x (1-ER/100) where: E = emissions; A = activity rate; zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6370101 (2021). Circular 1200 https://doi.org/10.3133/cir1200 (1998). is a price adjustment factor for industry i from currency year z to y USD. Timmer, M. P., Erumban, A. 6, 3392, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03392 (2021). Net public supply is calculated by subtracting public supply deliveries to domestic to avoid double counting, then assigned to NAICS 221310. Briefly stated, monetary input-output (IO) tables give insight into the value of economic transactions between different sectors in an economy, including output for exports, capital formation and final government and private consumption. 36 are used to create the satellite matrix of environmental flow coefficients, B, in a physical unit per dollar output for a commodity in the model that can be used with the economic data for industries from another year. The M or N coefficient matrices may be used for estimating direct plus indirect (supply chain) impacts or embodied carbon, energy, land or water associated with purchases. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, through its Office of Research and Development, funded and conducted the research described herein under an approved Quality Assurance Project Plan (K-LRTD-0030017-QP-1-3). Quarterly census of employment and wages 2017. https://www.bls.gov/cew/downloadable-data-files.htm (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2020). Resour. B.Y. The production vector is defined in Eq. Prioritization of sectors in the US economy by greatest opportunities for environmental improvements through the use of the Sustainable Materials Management Prioritization Tools will be a primary use of v2.0. The reader should refer to Table3 for the source of the impact method characterization factors used to construct the N and D matrices. The data have been updated for 201729. Report out, Q&A and closing. These data are difficult to obtain given the scarcity in publicly available waste management pricing data, the level of aggregation of the waste management sectors, and the differences in prices and materials used by each waste management activity. Scope 3 emission sources include emissions both upstream and downstream of the organizations activities. Changes in GHG intensity were less than 0.5kg CO2e/$ for >95% of sectors. In Water_national_2015_m1, mining water withdrawals are allocated to 6-digit NAICS using employment data published by BLS QCEW. Domestic water withdrawals are assigned to the BEA code F01000, as no NAICS code represents households. For example, if 562HAZ represents 50% of the total economic value of the disaggregated sectors, then 50% each flow is allocated to 562HAZ. USEEIO v2.0, or referred to solely as v2.0, is the latest edition of the US Environmentally-Extended Input-Output (USEEIO) model for assessing a full suite of potential life cycle impacts of US goods and services. 11:30-12:15. These sections are disaggregated sequentially, and all the disaggregated components of the tables are combined at the end of the process. The accuracy of the impact proportion depending on the validity of the assumption that domestic impact intensities are equivalent to foreign impact intensities, which is not likely valid in all cases. Each NAICS sector was matched by customer type, by aligning the NAICS definition of each sector to the customer type it most closely resembled: The four sectors pertaining to the federal government (S00500, S006000, S00101, and S00102) were assigned to the Federal government customer class; The six sectors pertaining to local governments (GSLGE, GSLGH, GSLGO, S00201, S00202, and S00203) were assigned to the State and local governments customer class; Three sectors (813100, 813A00, and 813B00) were assigned to the Not-for-profit organizations customer class; The F00100 sector was assigned to the Household consumers and individuals customer class; All other industries in the USEEIO model are mapped to the Business firms and farms customer class. This can be represented using Eq. Article With the direct impacts D and the total requirements L, the matrix N which contains the direct plus indirect impact coefficients can be calculated via Eq. Service Annual Survey Historical Data (NAICS-basis): 2015. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2015/econ/services/sas-naics.html (U.S. Census Bureau, 2016). The national release estimates for pesticides were not updated in v2.0, where data on application for these chemicals to vegetables was from 2010. Toxics Release Inventory 2017. http://www2.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program/tri-data-and-tools (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2018). Using BLS QCEW for the employment model allows for a consistent data source for all employment data used throughout model construction. The Water_national_2015_m1 model does not include water returns, as available estimates for water returns are from 1995 and do not account for advances and updates in machinery52. 11:25-11:30. The USEEIO v2.0.1411 dataset is the primary data record, and includes the waste disaggregation data inputs, model components, result matrices, price adjustment matrices, and demand vectors, along with supporting metadata including sector, flow and indicator descriptions. 20. where mf is the column representing the flow of interest from the M matrix, and cn is the transposed row representing the indicator of interest from the C matrix. A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. State and local general government is split into education and other services in the 2012 IO tables, resulting in a fall in ranking but occupying two spots in the top 20. The emission factor rating takes into account the test rating, the number of sources tested, and whether the sources are selected at random, represent the industry population, and are sufficiently specific (e.g., to fuel type, design, etc.) QCEW publishes national annual employment at the 6-digit NAICS; no additional allocation is required for use in v2.0. Fresh soybeans, canola, flaxseeds, and other oilseeds and Fresh wheat, corn, rice, and other grains). The water methodology in the Water Use Satellite table compiled for v1.1 tracked water returns, allowing for the calculation of water consumption by industry. Overview Emissions Factors FAQ Data sets Emissions factors 2 files Emissions factors File Updated Download IEA Emissions Factors 2021 15/09/2021 XLS IEA Emissions Factors 2021 (light version) 15/09/2021 XLSB Schedule 2-6 digit 2012 NAICS Code File. This modeling activity may also be referred to as flow sector attribution modeling. In most cases, these factors are simply averages of all available data of acceptable quality, and are generally assumed to be representative of long-term averages for all facilities in the source category (i.e., a population average). Figure 1. Any of these matrices, used together with its respective domestic matrix, can be used to divide the values between those occurring in the US and those in the rest of the world, by taking the difference of a result with the domestic model and the full model, as in Eq. Emissions of pesticides from agricultural activities are excluded from this dataset as they are captured in the pesticides table. United States Environmental Protection Agency, email: EPA/600/R-19/092 https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=347251 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2019). This suggests that trade flows between the disaggregated sectors is an important component of the aggregate sectors input, and its disaggregation was previously discussed. U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development (ORD) https://doi.org/10.23719/1524317 (2021). To solve the first problem, BEA-NAICS correspondence for these sectors is approximated after careful inspection and comparison of their definitions in BEA and NAICS systems. State level USDA CoA data are used to calculate fractions of land use by animal type, which are multiplied by state level MLU pasture and grazed land. Crop irrigation water withdrawal is initially calculated by determining water withdrawal for individual crops. A main assumption in the disaggregation of waste management sectors is that the receivers of waste flows are being paid for waste treatment. Estimated use of water in the United States in 1995. To achieve more granular results for 6-digit NAICS, Water_national_2015_m1 uses acreage data for 64 crops from the USDA Census of Agriculture (CoA) data48. How are emission factors developed? Monthly Energy Review - 2014. https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/ (U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016). Yang, Y., Berrill, P., Miller, R., Ingwersen, W. & Li, M. National GHG Industry Attribution Model. Ei, a national total of flow by industry per year consisting of the concatenation of all the satellite tables described above, is available in varying years. FEDEFL Inventory Methods v1.0.0. Industry underlying estimates. When imports are greater than final consumption and exports for a given commodity, the demand value will be negative. Direct HRSP impacts in agricultural sectors for crops account for a significant share of total impacts (e.g. 25. Thus whatever is not explicitly allocated to 562211, Hazardous waste disposal, is assumed to go to Solid waste landfilling, 562112. To prevent this, we apply a different allocation value to the value-added sectors of the disaggregated waste industries based on the intermediate industry totals (i.e., non-value-added allocations): where piW denotes the value-added allocation proportions, W is the value added matrix in the form of value added components per dollar industry output that is extracted from the full Use table, Vi denotes the industry throughput derived from the Make table (row sums), i'(UW) denotes the intermediate industry throughput derived from the Use table (column sums) and not including the value added matrix.
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