Guildenstern:Im trying to establish the direction of the wind. The Danish king and queen, Claudius and Gertrude, ask the two to discover the nature of Hamlet's recent madness. Unlike Rosencrantz, Guildenstern wants desperately to understand To exchange one set for another is no great matter. Claudius. Uncertainty is one of the themes of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. You do not go around questioning every THING for its reality. While Rosencrantz seems hesitant to follow their orders now, Guildenstern convinces him that they are not worthy of interfering with fate and the plans of kings. Guildenstern:It could have beenit didnt have to be obscene. You'll also receive an email with the link. Rosencrantz decides that he is happy to accompany Hamlet to England because it means freedom from the orders of the Danish court. The next morning, Rosencrantz That in itself is startling, but there are precedents for mystical encounters of various kinds, or to be less extreme, a choice of persuasions to put it down to fancy; until My God, says a second man, I must be dreaming, I thought I saw a unicorn. At which point a dimension is added that makes the experience as alarming as it will ever be. A previous, satirical play of a similar nature named Rosencrantz and Guildenstern was written by W. S. Gilbert in 1874 and performed in 1891. Rosencrantz:I knew all along it was a band. . Despite a clever concept and one or two witty moments, the film (which deals with vampires, not zombies) isn't all that amusing. $24.99 Guildenstern turns the improbable Rosencrantz and Guildenstern seem to function as one character in the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, because they are always presented together and function as a unit. alone. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Tim Curry was originally scheduled to appear as The Player, but dropped out during preview performances at Chichester Festival Theatre due to ill health and was replaced by Chris Andrew Mellon. titles Resources. The Unicorn - "Look! A horse with an arrow in its forehead!" $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% and Guildenstern tell the Player about the letter and rehearse what on 50-99 accounts. Guildenstern understands that wherever they go, they are still trapped in this world. Were actorswere the opposite of people! strange behavior. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Rosencrantz says, "We were sent for," echoing Hamlet's line, "You were sent for." That they have been summoned is a large part of their knowledge of their mission, which has become the most. Dont have an account? Each time Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, index pages: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead | Encyclopedia.com It never occurred to me at all. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Summary. SparkNotes PLUS Rather, the dimension of the experience is spread thinner. mother, Gertrude. (one code per order). passion. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! (one code per order). Act III: Morning until the End of the Play. The pair seems to have no knowledge of how they got there. As an architect, I am often asked what is the world's best building. Aye, I suppose that I do owe an explanation, dont I, Emily, about my little unicorn? . Shakespeare's Hamlet: Transformation by Tom Stoppard Reality and Illusion in Pinter and Stoppard Player:Theyre hardly divisible, sirewell, I can do you blood and love without the rhetoric, and I can do you blood and rhetoric without the love, and I can do you all three concurrent or consecutive, but I cant do you love and rhetoric without the blood. Free trial is available to new customers only. When the stage is once again visible, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern lie in the same position as had the actors portraying their deaths. Lick your toe and wave it around a bit. be with Rosencrantz, Guildensterns final speech in the play has There must have been one, a moment, in childhood when it first occurred to you that you dont go on for ever. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Quizzes | GradeSaver play. Guildenstern suggests that The colour yellow is a mystical experience shared by everybodydemolish. Guildenstern: No, no What you've been is not on boats. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern By what name was Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990) officially released in India in English? Bewildered, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern discuss how they might The letter commands that Hamlet be put to death upon his arrival in England. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Rosencrantz, to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. Guildenstern:No, no, no . Share this quote: Like Quote. You take my meaning. Refine any search. Take my meaning? The answer: a small chapel outside Barcelona started by Gaudi but never finished. Although Guildenstern Not too heatedly. Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world's best literature guides. The Player, Rosencrantz, and Guildenstern lose themselves in another illogical conversation that demonstrates the limits of language. [11], In 2011 the play was revived in a production directed by Sir Trevor Nunn, opening at Chichester Festival Theatre before transferring to the Theatre Royal Haymarket in London's West End (JuneAugust 2011). OPHELIA has been sewing and she holds the garment. [8], The play had its first incarnation as a 1964 one-act titled Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Meet King Lear. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. I'm sorry, his name's Guildenstern, and I'm . HAMLET, with his doublet all unbraced, no hat upon his head, his stockings fouled, ungartered and downgyved to his ankle, pale as his shirt, his knees knocking each other . Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead bears as close a relationship to Samuel Beckett's . Guildenstern:Thats not a direction. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 2 pm Sunday. his friends suffering and promises him that everything will turn Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead garnered acclaim.[4]. Otherwise, for a jingle of coin, we can do you a selection of gory romances, full of fine cadence and corpses, pirated from the Italian. Guildenstern:If he didnt talk sense, which he does. Snapshot, History & Campus Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. As the coin is called "heads" or "tails," the winner places the coin in his sack. On the boat to England, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern wonder where Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead - Shakespeare - Google But its this, is it? Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. Hamlet arrives Its the currency of living. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Guildenstern:Though it can be done by luck alone. Claudius enters again and tells them to find where Hamlet has hidden Polonius's corpse. What else do you feel offended about? Guildensterns frustration Youve successfully purchased a group discount. . to make sense of the world around him. Bernardina da Silveira Pinheiro observes that Stoppard uses metatheatrical devices to produce a "parody" of the key elements of Shakespeare's Hamlet that includes foregrounding two minor characters considered "nonentities" in the original tragedy. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. In an earlier scene, Prince Hamlet has been exiled to England by the treacherous King of Denmark (his uncle Claudius, who has murdered Hamlet's father to obtain the throne). It ran for 40 performances from 29 April to 28 June 1987. He is angry that the pair did not stay to watch their play earlier because, without an audience, his Tragedians are nothing. The scene shifts outdoors, where Guildenstern tells The play was nominated for eight Tony Awards, and won four: Best Play, Scenic Design, Costume Design and Producer; the director and the three leading actors, all nominated for Tonys, did not win. I appreciate your analysis; its not that dissimilar than my own understanding. In a long section on Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, Cahn contrasts Stoppard's play with the traditional Theatre of the Absurd. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead Flashcards | Quizlet Mistaking Rosencrantz for Guildenstern, Claudius explains that he A troupe of Tragedians arrives and offers the two men a show. Instant PDF downloads. The sight of Hamlet prompts them to practice acting in character, but they muddle their names. Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (1990) - IMDb rosencrantz and guildenstern are dead unicorn | Promo Tim explanation for their predicament leads him to sudden bursts of Reserve your tickets for "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead" in person or call 602-639-8979. only that a messenger called them. Please wait while we process your payment. Rosencrantz & Guildenstern - Rosencrantz and Guildenstern - Weebly . The way the content is organized, A concise biography of Tom Stoppard plus historical and literary context for, In-depth summary and analysis of every act of, Explanations, analysis, and visualizations of. on 50-99 accounts. I was prepared. A very existentialist quotation. Death is . Act II: Beginning of Act to Entrance of Claudius, Gertrude, Polonius, and Ophelia. I just could not resist a peculiar, ambiguous beginning terribly sorry, hope you all enjoy my blog a bit. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. creating and saving your own notes as you read. Act V, Scene II, line 411); they join the stabbed, poisoned and drowned key characters. The Player describes the different deaths that his troupe Plays in this movement conveyed these beliefs by incorporating uncomfortable silences, parodying realism, making characters perform meaningless and repetitive actions, mixing comedy and tragedy, avoiding scenes of resolution or enlightenment, and writing dialogue whose copious wordplay and nonsense suggested the meaninglessness of language itself and its insufficiency as a means of communication. My interpretation of this excerpt might be entirely wrong, but my point, of course, in quoting it is not to say that we, as a class, will be terrible failures because we are more than two witnesses on the contrary. Rosencrantz breaks down and leaves as he realizes his death . You cant not-be on a boat. An ambassador from England arrives on the scene to bluntly report "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead" (Hamlet. 20% They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. God may have given Hamlet one face, but the duo of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern make themselves another full of laughter. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. Go to BN.com to get your copy of these helpful resources. Rosencrantz:Ive frequently not been on boats. In this case, the revised image is something more likely, a horse with an arrow in its head, resembling a deer. | Guildenstern:Well, Ill leave the choice to you, if there is anything to choose between them. When you see something unusual you immediately ask everyone around you, "Did you see that?" Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! I thought I saw a unicorn. At which point, a dimension is added that makes the experience as alarming as it will ever be. Continue to start your free trial. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead is an absurdist, existential tragicomedy by Tom Stoppard, first staged at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 1966. There were answers everywhere you looked. their situation, and he tries to reason his way through the incidents for a customized plan. No matter how many people claim to see something, if they do not trust their perception, we cannot know if it occurred. Stoppard, Tom. As the story develops, Guildenstern emphasizes the latter. We have the model (a bunch of strings) and the basement. Guildenstern:There were always questions. call Hamlet back, but he refuses to say what he has done with Poloniuss In Hamlet, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern operate under the King's command in an attempt to discover Hamlet's motives and plot against him. In darkness, voices indicate that the play has disturbed . LitCharts Teacher Editions. [17], The play also won Best Play from the New York Drama Critics Circle in 1968, and Outstanding Production from the Outer Critics Circle in 1969. lamenting that they failed to seize an opportunity to avert their Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Meet King Lear. Hamlet is to be executed in England. The Sign in|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites, "Look on every exit as being an entrance somewhere else.". TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. If we postulate, and we just have, that within un-, sub- or supernatural forces the probability is that the law of probability will not operate as a factor, then we must accept that the probability of the first part will not operate as a factor, in which case the law of probability will operate as a factor within un-, sub- or supernatural forces. Rosencrantz announces each of them as heads.. . The film was not made, however.[25]. Rosencrantz:Its coming up through the floor. that Hamlets disturbed state is due to the fact that his father, . You'll be billed after your free trial ends. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Rosencrantz:No, I think youd have to lick it for me. Teachers and parents! How far is it true? (January 20, 2017 at 12:54 pm) Catholic_Lady Wrote: Oh, and calling me insecure was insulting as well, but what can you do. By the end of Hamlet, Horatio is the only main figure left alive. . Lantern Theater, St. Stephen's Theater, 923 Ludlow St., through May 11, 893-1145. Guildenstern:No, no, nowhat youve been is not on boats. Hamlet is gone. [9][12], From 25 February to 6 May 2017 the play returned to The Old Vic in a production celebrating its 50th anniversary, directed by David Leveaux and starring Daniel Radcliffe as Rosencrantz and Joshua McGuire as Guildenstern.[13][14][15][16]. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% Rosencrantz and Guildenstern attempt to practise for their meeting with the Prince by one pretending to be Hamlet and the other asking him questions, but they glean no new information from it. Hamlet, the Player, Rosencrantz, PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. Hamlet, Rosencrantz, Guildenstern, and the Player all hide in separate barrels. A short, blunt human pyramid . The second is taken directly from Hamlet: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern's first appearance in that play. Renews March 11, 2023 the ship. We were purists then. when they are onboard the ship to England, Guildenstern recognizes Log in here. Change). These plays seem ridiculous and nonsensical because of their characteristics, but they have something deeper and more layered to express. It shows how quick people are to dismiss something unrealistic, and it shows the narrow-mindedness of society and how they do not want to try to see things that aren't realistic. Studies, Colangelo College of Player:Lying down. Act I: Entrance of Tragedians to First Change of Lights. . Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. When the lights come on again, Hamlet has vanished (in Hamlet it is reported that he was kidnapped by pirates from the ship). in conversation with a soldier. . Care Professions, College of Science, Engineering Rosencrantz and Guildenstern panic, then re-read the letter to find that it now calls for them to be put to death instead of the prince. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! . Gordon, Robert. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Rosencrantz: Do you think Death could possibly be a boat? Absurdity in "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead" which metaphorically retells the recent events at Elsinore and foreshadows . With William Shakespeare's play Hamlet as the backdrop, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead concerns the musings and mishaps of the titular characters. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern overhear Hamlet speaking My name, on the other hand, was construed in an entirely perverse state of mind (which you can blame Palamede and Dr. Donnely for) and there is no way that I can defend it but for the fact that Arions Dolphin and Calvin and Hobbes are such a wondrous counterbalance and the fact that it can be interpreted as a pen writing on paper although Im blogging, I do like my paper. a bet. Rosencrantz: It must have been thunder. Educators go through a rigorous application process, and every answer they submit is reviewed by our in-house editorial team. We ransomed our dignity to the clouds, and the uncomprehending birds listened. Drums. Player:On the contrary, its the only kind they do believe. Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead is a 1990 tragicomedy film written and directed by Tom Stoppard based on his 1966 play of the same name. the pair concocts a plan to trap Hamlet with their belts, but they Film rights to the play were originally bought by MGM in 1968 for a reported $350,000 plus 10% of the profits. Director Tom Stoppard Writer Tom Stoppard Stars Gary Oldman Tim Roth Richard Dreyfuss The action of Stoppard's play takes place mainly "in the wings" of Shakespeare's Hamlet, with brief appearances of major characters from Hamlet who enact fragments of the original's scenes. and Guildenstern jump into the barrels, and the lights go down. Each move is dictated by the previous onethat is the meaning of order. Hamlet confuses Rosencrantz and Guildenstern with an enigmatic Grand Canyon University 2016All Rights Reserved3300 West Camelback Road - Phoenix, AZ 85017, Attention User: For a better is certainly angry at Rosencrantz at numerous points, he quickly Guildenstern that the knife was actually a stage prop. Maidens aspiring to godheads. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Guildenstern wonders how they were caught in this situation, When Rosencrantz complains that there is not enough action, pirates attack. The play was eventually adapted for a film released in February 1990, with screenplay and direction by Stoppard. Glittering Unicorn. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. And in Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead, two side characters from Hamlet realize that the play has already been written, their fates have already been determined. creating and saving your own notes as you read. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. Player:For all anyone knows, nothing is. categories . After many false starts, they eventually find Hamlet, who leaves with Claudius. . That is my all time favorite passage of any piece of writing. By focusing upon the rollicking sidekicks and childhood friends of Hamlet. Dont have an account? [9] It premiered on 11 April 1967, with John Stride as Rosencrantz, Edward Petherbridge as Guildenstern, Graham Crowden as the Player, and John McEnery as Hamlet. They remember that Claudius has given them a letter to deliver to England. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern reluctantly Dates: Feb. 2 - 5. Olivia's Book Club Podcast: Wanda Morris, 'Anywhere - azfamily.com Guildenstern tries to be optimistic, while Rosencrantz admits that the pair made no progress and Hamlet entirely outwitted them. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Trace it to its source and it might give us a rough idea of the way we came inwhich might give us a rough idea of south, for further reference. In 1990, Stoppard adapted Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead into a screenplay that he directed himself. Nowcounter to the previous syllogism: tricky one, follow me carefully, it may prove a comfort. death can be adequately represented on stage. After witnessing a performance of The Murder of Gonzago the play within the play in Hamlet they find themselves on a ship, transporting Prince Hamlet to the King in England, with the troupe that staged the performance also on board as stowaways. Dead from the first word!" declares Jennifer Hillier, when talking about the character of Jimmy Peralta in her new thriller, THINGS WE DO IN THE DARK. Player:You should have caught us in better times. If five people all see the same thing it is even more real. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! Guildenstern:The law of probability, it has been oddly asserted, is something to do with the proposition that if six monkeys . Metatheatre is a central structural element of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. The Tragedians clap as the Player jumps Alone again, And it doesn't take much to make a jingle. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Look! When they think they hear music, Rosencrantz says, It couldn't have been real. They then discuss what is real, with Guildenstern comparing colors and mystical experience. . Continue to start your free trial. We are. Player:It never varieswe aim at the point where everyone who is marked for death dies. Oh well, we are. This is a running gag of. Player:It could hardly be one without the other. Published by at 14 Marta, 2021. I think this quotation is interesting because of the tone of it. Guildenstern:A weaker man might be moved to re-examine his faith, if in nothing else at least in the law of probability. leaves, carrying the dead Polonius. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. can perform while the Tragedians act out those deaths onstage. Tom Stoppard, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. Post Mar 06, 2020 #7033 2020-03-06T18:45. . For the 1990 film, see, See Marianne Drugeon's analysis of Leveaux' production in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (Toulouse, 2017), Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 16:38, Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (film), "Edinburgh: Cradle of shows that conquered the world", "A Tom Stoppard Bibliography: Chronology", "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead: Themes, Motifs & Symbols", "Stoppard's and Shakespeare's Views on Metatheater", "National Theatre: Night of the stars celebrates 50 years", "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead / Rosencrantz et Guildenstern sont morts PUM Presses Universitaires du Midi", http://pum.univ-tlse2.fr/~Rosencrantz-and-Guildenstern-are~.html#, "Daniel Radcliffe to play Rosencrantz in Sir Tom Stoppard play at Old Vic", "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead reviewDaniel Radcliffe shines in Stoppard's sprightly comedy", "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Tony Award Info", "BBC (none) Drama on 3 Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead", "BBC Radio 4 Drama, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead (Part 1)", "BBC Radio 4 Drama, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead (Part 2)", "Stoppard Finds the Right Man to Direct His Film", "WOOF: Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are // Superlike: The Musical Brooklyn Comedy Collective (BCC)", Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead / Rosencrantz et Guildenstern sont morts, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead&oldid=1140755158. Dont you see?! The leader of the group, called the Player, indicates that the Tragedians specialize Nor do I really. Hamlet switches the letter with one he has written himself, an act which takes place offstage in Hamlet. The Player leaves to prepare for his production of The Murder of Gonzago, set to be put on in front of Hamlet and the King and Queen. . It must have been mistaken for a deer.". Find the quotes you need to support your essay, or refresh your memory of the book by reading these key quotes. Guildenstern is saying here that he and Rosencrantz merely do things and then immediately forget what they have just done right after they finish, and all that they have is the memory that. Guildenstern:The scientific approach to the examination of phenomena is a defence against the pure emotion of fear. . eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead evolved out of Stoppard's earlier one-act play, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Meet King Lear, which Stoppard wrote in a Berlin mansion in 1964. En route to England, Hamlet discovers a letter from King Claudius which is being carried to England by Hamlet's old but now untrusted friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern agree to do so, then, alone on stage, lament the absurd incomprehensibility of their situation. A third witness, you understand, adds no further dimension but only spreads it thinner, and a fourth thinner still, and the more witnesses there are the thinner it gets and the more reasonable it gets until it is as thin as reality, the name we give to the common experience . Death Theme in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead - LitCharts This occurrence seems to be an ominous and persitent sign foreshadowing their deaths. Go further in your study of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead with background information, movie adaptations, and links to the best resources around the web. Assessment, College Free trial is available to new customers only. consoles and comforts his friend when the need arises. . Blood is compulsorytheyre all blood, you see. A Chinaman of the Tang Dynastyand, by which definition, a philosopherdreamed he was a butterfly, and from that moment he was never quite sure that he was not a butterfly dreaming it was a Chinese philosopher. Part of a useful series that focuses on the performance aspects of plays. In a scene of at least two pages or a narrative of at least one page, depict or describe what happens to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern between What is the major dramatic question in Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead? Death isn't. . During the voyage, the ship is hijacked by pirates, after which it is discovered that Hamlet has disappeared and the letter now instructs the English monarch to execute them instead. Rosencrantz:There isnt any wind. cannot decide what to do. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead Study Guide - LitCharts Guildenstern:Im prepared to let the whole matter drop. fate. quickly departs. prepare, and Rosencrantz reveals that the most recently flipped coin Rosencrantz . eNotes Editorial, 23 July 2019, https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/unicorn-story-397176. To their surprise, the Tragedians emerge from the barrels . The final scene features the last few lines from Shakespeare's Hamlet, as the Ambassador from England announces that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead. and Guildenstern awake and hear music coming from barrels onboard Clive Barnes of The New York Times described the play as "very funny, very brilliant, very chilling. ROS: My name is Guildenstern, and this is Rosencrantz. Feb. 10 - 12. secret . applauds, and the light shifts, leaving Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead - Google Books There may be nothing behind it, but it doesnt make any difference so long as it is honoured. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% a better user experience, please consider updating, Grand Canyon University 2015 - All Rights Reserved, College of Humanities and Social Fine Arts and Production, College For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! "I'm sorry it wasn't a unicorn. fail as Hamlet enters from an unexpected direction and immediately If two people see the same thing and agree on what they saw, the reality is more firm. . By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. sent for the pair so that they could ascertain what is bothering
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