PubMed Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. J Pharm Sci. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. Thus, Cosquer et al. 2015;91:30611. Article To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . Neuroreport. [85] found that protein levels were reduced in rat brains following microwave radiation, which may have been caused by the excessive consumption or a reduction of the synthesis of proteins, and reduced protein synthesis can be caused by the following processes: (1) excessive activation of RNA enzymes; (2) mRNA consumption or the formation and maturation of RNA enzymes. Electromagn Biol Med. 2013;89:11007. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. 2009;4:e4389. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. Int J Radiat Biol. Mol Neurobiol. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. 2012;31:25074. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. 2013;34:58998. 2011;31:2293301. 2015;140:23646. Cassel et al. 2013;73:4737. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. Rf and mw radiation hazards - SlideShare Bioelectromagnetics. Wang Q, Cao Z. Am J Epidemiol. PLoS One. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the 2007;27:6024. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). 1999;9:3438. 2005;161:3314. Behav Brain Res. PDF What effects do mobile phones have on people's health? Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. 2008;49:16370. Yale J Biol Med. Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation - tandfonline.com 2015;51:15865. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. 1992;6:379. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Bioelectromagnetics. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Google Scholar. However,. & Hu, XJ. Gene. Google Scholar. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. Brain Res. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. 2014;70:84555. Neurosci Lett. Clin Neurophysiol. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. Nat Med. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. 2017;52:23947. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. 2006;27:16471. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. Cobb et al. Qiao et al. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. Bull Exp Biol Med. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. 2013;32:27380. Int J Radiat Biol. [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Google Scholar. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Front Neurosci. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Gold PE. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. radiation with wavelengths. Neurol Sci. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 1997;44:99104. PubMed To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. Wang et al. In contrast, a central injection of a glucose carrier inhibitor induced injury to memories [110]. 2016;53:210011. Smythe JW, Costall B. 2012;35:32534. Neuroreport. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. JAMA. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. Radiat Res. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Wang et al. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. A significant increase in ROS levels and DNA fragmentation were observed only after the astrocytes were exposed to modulated EMF for 20min, perhaps as a result of hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors. 2005;25:10190201. Vecchio F, Babiloni C, Lizio R, Fallani FV, Blinowska K, Verrienti G, et al. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. . Google Scholar. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. Brain Res. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Neuroreport. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. Zhang et al. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. 1999;75:44756. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. 2006;398:2537. Microwave Health Effects Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. Cordless phone radiation effect flows in a human body same way in the mobile phone [13]. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. 2002;57:2702. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. Neurosci Lett. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. Article Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Nature. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. 2013;5:5500110. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. 1984;4:285665. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron.
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