[116] The clash between Calvinists and Arminians was never resolved, and the "seesaw battle between Catholic and Protestant within a single Anglican ecclesiastical structure has been proceeding ever since". His rise to power has been identified with a "conservative reaction" against Puritanism. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. License. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was composed of the following principal elements: Henry VIII had started the English Reformation which split the Church in England from Catholic Rome. [117] The preface to the 1662 prayer book defined the Church of England as a via media "between the two extremes of too much stiffness in refusing and of too much easiness in admitting any variation". After Henry's first wife, Catherine of Aragon, failed to give Henry an heir to his throne, Henry's eyes wandered! This perception was seemingly confirmed when Elizabeth was excommunicated by Pope Pius V in February 1570. In 1560, the bishops specified that the cope should be worn when administering the Lord's Supper and the surplice at all other times. Additionally, today's Anglican Church structure is essentially the same as it was in 1563. The priests wear the hood and surplice. The first act passed by the House of Commons in February 1559 joined together a bill of supremacy, establishing Queen Elizabeth I as head of the church, with one of uniformity, dealing with the type of faith and service. Within the Church of England, a Calvinist consensus developed among leading churchmen. The Thirty-nine Articles of 1563 CE (made law in 1571 CE) were the final part of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Mark is a full-time author, researcher, historian, and editor. The Church of England was Protestant at its core but took the hierarchy from the Catholics by keeping archbishops and bishops. [85] In England, however, Protestants were forced to operate within a church structure unchanged since medieval times with the same threefold orders of bishop, priest and deacon along with church courts that continued to use medieval canon law. When Henry died in 1547, the Protestants gained the upper hand. Sign up to highlight and take notes. Hard-line Protestants and Catholics in England were both dissatisfied with Elizabeth's pragmatic stance as she went for a more middle-of-the-road approach which appealed to the largely indifferent majority of her subjects. [59] The impressment of boys for service as singers in St. Paul's Cathedral and the royal chapel continued during this period. He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. [54], Music in the Church of England was limited to biblical texts and music sung during worship in the early church. [13][14] At certain times, the Queen made her religious preferences clear, such as on Christmas Day 1558, when before Mass she instructed Bishop Owen Oglethorpe not to elevate the host. Same period: some extreme Protestants were disappointed by the religious settlement because think that the religious changes are not extreme enough. In October 1559, she ordered that a crucifix and candlesticks be placed on the communion table in the Chapel Royal. [29], The bill easily passed the House of Commons. A priest found guilty of performing a mass could face the death penalty. World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. "The Elizabethan Religious Settlement." All of the leading clergymen were Protestants and former exiles (Robert Horne, Thomas Becon, Thomas Bentham, John Jewel, Edwin Sandys, and Richard Davies), and they interpreted the injunctions in the most Protestant way possible. It was a good start but finding the balance between radicals on either side of the religious debate was going to be more difficult than mere wordplay. Gradually, however, parishes complied as bishops exerted pressure. [88], The controversy over dress divided the Protestant community, and it was in these years that the term Puritan came into use to describe those who wanted further reformation. It can be argued the settlement was successful among ordinary people as there were no widespread religious inspired revolts, unlike under HVIII (drawing comparisons across the Tudor period). The articles removed Catholic sacraments: Confirmation, Penance, Holy Orders, Marriage, and Last Rites or Extreme Unction. She reversed the religious innovations introduced by her father and brother. [82], The Queen's excommunication and the arrival of the seminary priests brought a change in government policy toward recusants. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1565/the-elizabethan-religious-settlement/. Unlike in other Protestant states, the old Catholic structure of the Church below the sovereign was maintained with the bishops organised in a hierarchy. It was designed to settle the divide between Catholics and Protestants and address the differences in services and beliefs. 'Bloody Mary's' brief reign was ended by cancer, and her half-sister Elizabeth took the throne in 1558 CE. [32] This made it easier for priests to "counterfeit" the Mass without risking arrest. Since the Act of Uniformity 1549 which approved the first prayer book was passed in January, it is likely that the provisions of the 1549 prayer book were intended, even though Edward's second year ended several months before the book was published. Essentially, the act returned churches to their appearance in 1549 CE. The Church that Elizabeth created is unique. When not in use, it was to be oriented north to south, the same as an altar. Seven bishops, including Cardinal Pole, Mary's Archbishop of Canterbury, died in 1558 and needed to be replaced. [110] Many Puritans, however, were unwilling to conform to it. [115] It was in the period after 1660 that Richard Hooker's thought became influential within the Church of England, as Anglicans tried to define themselves in ways distinct from Protestant dissenters. Without priests, these social classes drifted into the Church of England and Catholicism was forgotten. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement - World History Encyclopedia [75], Catholics were forced to choose between attending Protestant services to comply with the law or refusing to attend. [62] Although it was not legally required, it was traditional for virtually all Protestant churches and was also used at home. A series of Church reforms that sought to create a middle ground between rival Catholics and Protestants. The Elizabethan Settlement did not heal the divide between Protestants and Catholics. The remaining bishops were all Catholics appointed during Mary's reign, and Elizabeth's advisers hoped they could be persuaded to continue serving. The Royal Injunctions of July 1559 CE set out a further 57 regulations for the Church of England to follow. Only one Catholic bishop took the oath to Elizabeth - all the rest refused and lost their office. Neither France nor Spain reacted to the changes, perhaps believing that they were as temporary as they hoped Elizabeth's reign would be. Elizabeth's efforts led to the Religious Settlement, a legal process by which the Protestant Church of England was restored and the queen took the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Henry named Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, as regent for the young King Edward VI. [30], The Ornaments Rubric was added as one of the concessions to traditionalists in order to gain passage in the Lords. [43], Elizabeth chose Matthew Parker to replace Pole as Archbishop of Canterbury. This would help secure her throne in political terms, too. The Elizabethan Settlement was religious legislation passed from 1559 to 1571 that intended to provide a compromise between English Catholics and Protestants. Catherine of Aragon was Henry VIII's brother's wife. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. Want to search our collection? In 1568 a college was founded at Douai (Spanish Netherlands) which trained priests, whom would . The revised Act of Supremacy still abolished papal supremacy, but defined Elizabeth as Supreme Governor, rather than Supreme Head, of the church. However, as a result of the Northern Rebellion, excommunication by the Pope and challenge of MQS, E was forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics. DOCX WordPress.com The most important outcome of the Conference, however, was the decision to produce a new translation of the Bible, the 1611 King James Version. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. The belief that the wafer and wine literally transform into Christ's body and blood during Communion service. By Elizabeth's death, Roman Catholicism had become "the faith of a small sect", largely confined to gentry households. Most of their replacements were not consecrated until December 1559 or early 1560. [24], The lay peers joined the bishops in their opposition and succeeded in amending the bill considerably. Problems in Establishing the Religious Settlement (GCSE - tutor2u [28], The alternative title was less offensive to Catholic members of Parliament, but this was unlikely to have been the only reason for the alteration. The Act of Uniformity of 1559 set out the groundwork for the Elizabethan church. The Elizabethan Settlement was religious legislation passed from 1559 to 1571 that intended to provide a compromise between English Catholics and Protestants. In the end, the Queen and the bishops reached an unspoken compromise. [5][6] The Mass, the central act of Catholic worship, was condemned as idolatry and replaced with a Protestant communion service, a reminder of Christ's crucifixion. Some modifications were made to appeal to Catholics and Lutherans, including giving individuals greater latitude concerning belief in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and permission to use traditional priestly vestments. There was much debate among traditionalists and zealous reformers about how this new church should look. Matters were to be debated in a respectful fashion. [107], The Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 allowed for the restoration of the Elizabethan Settlement as well. In addition, the liturgy remained "more elaborate and more reminiscent of older liturgical forms" and "took no account of developments in Protestant thinking after the early 1550s". Elizabethan Religious Settlement - AQA - BBC Bitesize The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. [108], During the reign of Charles I, the Arminians were ascendant and closely associated with William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (16331645). Everything you need for your studies in one place. In addition, the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth for heresy in 1570 CE. It was given statutory force by the Subscription Act, which required all new ministers to affirm their agreement with this confessional statement. The Church will not prohibit oath-taking by Christians for civic purposes. Understand the context, creation and significance of the Armada Portrait in our concise guide. Mary was just as passionate a Catholic as Edward had been Protestant. [52] Through the mid-1650s, there were an estimated 800 clergy who resigned or were deprived for refusal to conform. [16] The Queen's principal secretary was Sir William Cecil, a moderate Protestant. There were obstacles, notably the presence of many Catholic bishops who had been appointed by Mary and many catholic-minded nobles in the government. "It was worthwhile for Elizabeth's government to throw the Lutherans a few theological scraps, and the change also chimed with the queen's personal inclination to Lutheran views on eucharistic presence. [84], Leading Protestants within the Church of England were attracted to the Reformed churches of south Germany and Switzerland led by theologians such as John Calvin, Heinrich Bullinger and others. Was there a middle ground between Catholics and Protestants? It included the Act of Supremacy, Act of Uniformity, a new Book of Common Prayer, and the Thirty-Nine Articles. Other Catholic traditions which were maintained included making the sign of the cross during a baptism and priests wearing traditional vestments. The settlement itself was written out in two Acts of Parliament, the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity 1559. What did the Elizabethan Religious Settlement do? This bill would have returned the Church to its position at the death of Henry VIII rather than to that when Edward VI died. Few thought this was the rubric's meaning, however. Most Catholics, however, were "church papists"Catholics who outwardly conformed to the established church while maintaining their Catholic faith in secret. [87] Bishop Jewel called the surplice a "vestige of error". Mary died in 1558, and England again faced upheaval in the name of religion. 1559-60: 400 Catholic clergymen who served under Mary I resign. As the queen put it, she would "open windows into no man's soul" (Woodward, 171). A large number of the Parliament, who were still Catholic, opposed the bill, and it was eventually only passed by three votes: 21 to 18. According to the prayer book, the table should be placed permanently in the chancel oriented east to west. During the 1560s, this generally proved to be the case with . Take a closer look with the unique Van de Velde drawings collection, How habitable are Jupiter's icy moons? His lineage was unstable, and his production of a male heir was necessary. Cartwright, M. (2020, June 02). [23][21] It was not popular with the clergy, and the Convocation of Canterbury reacted by affirming papal supremacy, transubstantiation and the Mass as a sacrificial offering. Elizabeth I and The Spanish Armada Flashcards | Quizlet [36] When communicants received the bread, they would hear the words, "The body of our Lord Jesus Christ, which was given for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life [1549]. For many Protestants, clerical vestments symbolised a continued belief in a priestly order separate from the congregation,[71] and could be interpreted by Catholics as affirmation of traditional doctrines. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was contained in two acts - the Act of Supremacy and the Act of Uniformity. The reforms included allowing clerics to marry and denying transubstantiation. 'The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was successfully established in the years 1558-1603. . The Elizabethan settlement of 1559 also known as the Elizabethan Religious Settlement contained a middle way solution to the Catholicism and Protestantism. During Henry's reign, the Church of England went semi-Lutheran in 1537, asserting that justification by faith alone was central to doctrine and that the church should eliminate saint worship. [103][104] James, however, did the opposite, forcing the Scottish Church to accept bishops and the Five Articles of Perth, all attempts to make it as similar as possible to the English Church. The Settlement failed to end religious disputes. The Queen did not approve, disliking any attempt to undermine the concept of religious uniformity and her own religious settlement. Failure to attend service resulted in a small fine (which was then given to the poor). While some were happy to return to the traditional religion, many were not, and the land was ripped apart by rebellion. They went through several revisions and were finalized in 1571 and added to the Book of Common Prayer. This petition for church reform was referred to the Hampton Court Conference of 1604, which agreed to produce a new version of the Book of Common Prayer that incorporated a few changes requested by the Puritans. The queen had compromised a little on the wording of the Supremacy Act, calling herself the 'Supreme Governor' of the Church instead of the 'Supreme Head', thus making her more acceptable to Protestants who disliked the idea of a woman in that position. [61] By far the most popular and reprinted metrical Psalter was Thomas Sternhold's Whole book of Psalms. This illustrated guide gives an overview of the context, creation and significance of the Portrait, alongside evaluation of Elizabeths legacy A wondrous decorative ornament inspired by the armillary sphere astronomical instrument. No, the feud between these religions would continue until the end of the seventeeth century. Christians must not make oaths for civic duty. Those who refused to attend Church of England services were called recusants. Its purpose was to give the common people access to liturgies and prayers. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. When were the Thirty-Nine Articles passed? In effect, Elizabeth was declaring that she did not believe in the doctrine of transubstantiation. What historian argued that the Elizabethan reforms were slow to take hold in some regions of England? [51], Many parishes were slow to comply with the injunctions. [28], The bill included permission to receive communion in two kinds. The Act of Supremacy 1559 This required all clergymen and government officers to . Find out with the European Space Agency's groundbreaking mission, Explore how water and the sea seeps into Shakespeare's works with the National Maritime Museum, Search our online database and exploreour objects, paintings, archives and library collectionsfrom home, Come behind the scenes at our state-of-the-art conservation studio, Visit the world's largest maritime library and archive collection at the National Maritime Museum, The Van de Veldes: Greenwich, Art and the Sea, Astronomy Photographer of the Year exhibition, Coronation celebrations at Royal Museums Greenwich, A Sea of Drawings: the art of the Van de Veldes, The Prince Philip Maritime Collections Centre, Find out how you can use our collections for research, Royal Greenwich: A History in Kings and Queens by Pieter van der Merwe. Queen Elizabeth I inherited a nation suffering from religious flux, but went on to build a stable, peaceful nation. As a Protestant, Elizabeth had to tread carefully between both faiths to maintain unity. [14] He argues the modifications were most likely meant to appease domestic and foreign Lutheran Protestants who opposed the memorialist view originating from reformed Zurich. This new amalgamated version, like its predecessors, set out how church services should be conducted and was itself to be used in those services. [77], In 1569, the Revolt of the Northern Earls attempted to overthrow England's Protestant regime. The visitation was conducted according to injunctions based on the Royal Injunctions of 1547. Edward VI's death is believed to be caused by a subsequent case of tuberculosis after he suffered from measles. Yes and no. In 1560, Bishop Grindal was allowed to enforce the demolition of rood lofts in London. [80], By 1574, Catholic recusants had organised an underground Roman Catholic Church, distinct from the Church of England. Rycote Chapel, OxfordshirePeter Reed (CC BY-NC) Take and eat this in remembrance that Christ died for thee, and feed on him in thy heart by faith with thanksgiving" [1552]. The Elizabethan Settlement was an attempt to end this religious turmoil. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. World History Encyclopedia. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. Elizabeth's coronation gives a clue to her middle-of-the-road position when, in Westminster Abbey, the mass was permitted but the newly crowned queen left before the elevation of the host (when the communion bread, now transformed into the body of Jesus Christ, is held up by the priest).
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