With truth, the problem is that it is hard to see how the core claims of the religions could all be true. (Sharma 1999, ch. The slogan was nearly always, in the first three Christian centuries, wielded in the context of disputes with heretical Christian groups, the point being that one cant be saved through membership in such groups. 10 Key Characteristics Of Cultural Diversity With Definition And Examples Generally, a belief should affect your life choices or the way you live for it to be included in the definition. The classic discussion of this is in the Lotus Sutra (before 255 C.E. Thus, famously, in a papal bull of 1302, called by its first words Unam Sanctam (that is, One Holy), Pope Boniface VIII (r. 1294-1303) declared that outside the Roman Catholic church, there is neither salvation nor remission of sins, and it is altogether necessary to salvation for every human creature to be subject to the pope. The most and least racially diverse U.S. religious groups That's why religious diversity is so important. Of adult Americans, 89% believe in God, down slightly from 2007. There are numerous cultures in the world, understood as different visions of the cosmos , of humanity itself and of the world, with their traditions, imaginaries, languages and representations. The latter two classes of beings, but not the first, may be described as personal.. The traditional Islamic perspective is that while in one sense Islam was initiated by Muhammad (570-632 CE), Islam in the sense of submission to God was taught by all prior prophets, and so their followers were truly Muslims, that is, truly submitted to God. These ideas, and the fact that religious belief is strongly correlated with birthplace, convinced him that the facts of religious diversity pose irresolvable problems for any exclusivist or inclusivist view, leaving only some form of pluralism as a viable option. Some authors, usually ones who wish to celebrate these facts, call them religious pluralism, but this entry reserves this label for a family of theories about the facts of religious diversity. (Hick 2004, ch. Thus, Christian exclusivists usually allow that those who die as babies, the severely mentally handicapped, or friends of God who lived before Christian times may avoid hell and attain heaven despite their not being fully-fledged, believing and practicing Christians. People over age 40 are more likely to identify with a religion or engage in religious practices. His theory is at least superficially clear, and is rooted in his own spiritual journey. Hicks claim that no human concept applies to the Ultimate Reality has been criticized by many, whove pointed out that Hick applies these concepts to it: being one, being ultimate, being a partial cause of the impersonae and personae, and being ineffable. First, we have the protected characteristics, such as race, age, gender and sexual orientation. Swedish philosopher Mikael Stenmark explores what he calls the some-are-equally-right view about religious diversity, and discusses a version of it on which Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are held to possess equal amounts of religiously important truths. On the other hand, many theorists want to adopt the friendly and broad-minded sounding label pluralism for their theory, even though they clearly hold that one religion is uniquely valuable. (Dupuis 2001; Burton 2010), Historically, Jewish intellectuals have usually adopted an inclusivist rather than an exclusivist view about other religions. The following are the characteristics of diversity: Linguistic Diversity Regional Diversity Religious Diversity Linguistic Diversity Religious Pluralism., Schmidt-Leukel, Perry. As explained above (section 3c) a major impetus for this has been statements issued by the latest official council (Vatican II, 1962-5). ]Religion and religious conceptions, beyond being systems of belief and patterns of worship . Legenhausen, Hajj Muhammad [Gary Carl]. On such a metaphysics, any apparent substance (being, entity) turns out to be one or more events or processes. The Many Gods of Hick and Mavrodes,, Hick, John. Differing people, perspectives, topics, ideas, etc. On the one hand, it is difficult to consistently distinguish inclusivism from exclusivism, because the latter nearly always concedes some significant value to other religions. The gods and lords will stay at the provisional levels of truth and reality, the levels which a fully enlightened person, as it were, sees beyond. Religion in Colonial America: Trends, Regulations, and Beliefs Characteristically Religious Feelings Awe, a sense of mystery, a sense of guilt, and adoration are "religious feelings" which tend to be aroused in religious believers when they come in the presence of sacred objects, in sacred places, and during the practice of sacred rituals. A theory of religious pluralism says that all religions of some kind are the same in some valuable respect(s). There are other major ones which remain unseen. Further, it respects and does not try to eliminate all these differences, and so makes genuine dialogue between members of the religions possible. Equality, diversity and inclusion in the Workplace - CIPD al. Insofar as they in good conscience practice what is good in their religion, people in other religions receive Gods grace and are anonymous Christians, people who are being saved through Christ, though they do not realize it. And secondly, we have all the different: Experiences Talents Skills Opinions Personalities These differences, for example employees' talents, are less obvious and require the organization's effort and proactiveness to shine. (Prothero 2010). (Legenhausen 2002). Religion Diversity in the Workplace In today's workplace, there are many rules and regulations to ensure the wellbeing of the employee. (1995, 2004) All the major religions are equal in that they (1) refer to and facilitate cognitive contact with a single, transcendent reality, (2) each offers a similarly moral- and eternal-oriented cure, and (3) each includes revisable and incomplete accounts of this transcendent reality. Finally, Cobb and Griffin emphasize that this approach does not endorse any unreasonable form of relativism and, as such, allows one to remain distinctively Christian or Buddhist and so forth. The second part contains answers to questions linked to the treatment of differences in religious education in Croatia and characteristics of teachers that can be linked to this theme. Even God, the greatest concrete, actual being in this philosophy is, in the end, an all-encompassing unity of experience, and is to be understood as a process of Creative-Responsive love. (Griffin 2005b; Cooper 2006, ch. One may object that this above proposal is counter to the equalizing spirit of pluralism. For instance, as an inclusivist Christian, Heim holds that Buddhists really do attain Nirvana. Physical appearance becomes a way of allowing particular groups of people to feel that they are . Later on, Hick firmly settled on the view that this Real should be thought of as ineffable. You are protected under the Equality Act 2010 from these types of discrimination. al. What are the types of diversity? - Workable But Heims theory does not require them to be, but only that they occur and may be plausibly thought of as fulfilling to those who have them. Here we can survey only a few of the criticisms that have been made. The historical Buddha, the man Gautama is, in this doctrine, a Transformation Body (or Apparitional Body, Nirmanakaya) of one of these, as are other Buddhas in time and space. Ethnic or national origins include, for If a religion cures only a shallow, derivative human problem, leaving the deeper problem intact, then what it offers would not deserve the name salvation, for it would leave those who achieve it still in need of the cure. Roughly, pluralistic approaches to religious diversity say that, within bounds, one religion is as good as any other. Now that the time is right, the truth may be told, that is, Mahayana doctrine, superseding the old. The basic idea is that the inclusivist grants more of the values in question to religions other than the single best religion more truth, more salvific efficacy, more veridical experience of the objects of religious experience, more genuine moral transformation, and so forth. Worldwide, more than eight-in-ten people identify with a religious group. But one may talk also of negative religious pluralism in which most or all religions have little or no positive value and are equal in this respect. Again, if a Christian diagnosis is correct, that humans are alienated from and need to be reconciled to God, yet some manage to attain Nirvana, they would still lack the cure, for it is no part of Nirvana that one is reconciled to God. Another view which is taken by Bible-oriented evangelical Protestants allows the possibility of non-Christians receiving saving grace, but is firmly agnostic as to whether this actually occurs, and if it does, how often, because of the paucity of relevant biblical statements. When employees feel that they are valued and that their contributions are . This was a polemic against non-Mahayana versions of Buddhist dharma (teaching). Dale Tuggy Diversity in religion is one of the world's strengths, not one of its weaknesses. Subjectively, those other people have similar grounds for belief. On this view, all the religions are right to the same degree, that is, all versions of monotheism (or perhaps, ethical monotheisms, or Abrahamic monotheisms). Such a person is outside of the tradition, yet obtains the cure taught by the tradition. 2013, 268-72) Third, religions differ in how much, if at all, they make empirically verifiable claims, so it is unclear that all religions will be equal in making meaningless claims. 7). For example, all non-Christians go to hell, or all non-Buddhists fail to gain Nirvana, or to make progress towards it. Many religious claims will be logically incompatible with the accepted diagnosis, and many religious practices will be useless or counter-productive when it comes to getting what one believes to be the cure. Moreover, it seems a necessary truth that if the concept personal doesnt apply to the Real, then the concept non-personal must apply to it. Religious difference has become a factor in local and global conflicts and peace building. Carefully worked out theories of religious pluralism often sound all-inclusive. Insofar as a religion claims to possess a diagnosis of the fundamental problem facing humans and a cure, that is, a way to permanently and positively resolve this problem, it will then assume that other, incompatible diagnoses and cures are incorrect. As a relative latecomer which has always acknowledged the legitimacy of previous prophets, including Abraham, Moses, and Jesus, while proclaiming its prophet to be the greatest and last, Islam has, like Judaism, tended towards inclusivist views of other religions. One goes so far as to say that the Holy Spirit offers to all [humans] the possibility of being associated, in a way known to God, with the Paschal Mystery [that is, the saving death and resurrection of Jesus]. (Gaudium et Spes 22, quoted in Dupuis 2001, 162) Some Catholic theologians see the groundwork or beginning in these documents for an inclusivist theory, on which other religions have saving value. In his earlier writings, monotheistic concerns seem important. If the core is salvifically effective practice, then all will be equal in that each is equally well a means to obtaining the cure. Another way in which pluralism can be naive is the common assumption that absolutely all religions are good in significant ways, for example, by improving their adherents lives, facilitating interaction with God, or leading to eternal salvation. (Krkkinen 2003; Netland 2001) The most famous of these has been the view (held by some Christians) that all non-Christians are doomed to an eternity of conscious suffering in hell. It attracted widespread discussion and criticism, and Hick has engaged in a spirited debate with all comers. Instead, Hick downgrades the importance of true belief to religion. In this article exclusivism about religious diversity denies any form of pluralism; it denies that all religions, or all major ones, are the same in some important respect. (Dupuis 2001, 86-9), However, what about Jews, pagans, unbaptized babies, or people who never have a chance to hear the Christian message? From African Americans to Russian Americans . Religion and Rights in a Diverse, Multicultural Community (Heim 1995, 163) This is consistent with the Christian thinking that the end pursued by Christians is in fact better than all others; thus, heaven is better than Nirvana. With the split of the catholic movement into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox branches, the church was understood in Western contexts to be specifically the Roman Catholic church. Race Race is a protected characteristic that refers to an individual's race, colour, nationality and ethnic or national origins. But these monotheists and cosmos-worshipers each take their object to be ultimate, and would deny the existence of any further back entity or non-entity, that is, of Creativity. The unaffiliated represent close to 5%. (Dupuis 2000, 161-5) Some Catholic theologians have seen the seeds or even the basic elements of inclusivism in these statements, while others view them as within the orbit of a suitably articulated exclusivism. (Plantinga 1999, 288-303), Subsequent papal statements have moved cautiously in Rahners direction, affirming the work of the Holy Spirit not only in the people in other religions, but also in those religions themselves, so that in the practice of what is good in those religions, people may respond to Gods grace and be saved, unbeknownst to them, by Christ. 1919) In his view, the common core of religions is a tiered worldview. State University of New York at Fredonia 7; Griffin 2005b). | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Hick realizes the incoherence of dubbing all religions true, for they have core teachings that conflict, and most religions are not shy about pointing out such conflicts. 2; see section 3c below). The following was edited from Brie Loskota's opening remarks at Reimagining Religion: A Conversation about the Future of Religion, held at University of Southern California on February 9, 2017.. We are in a period of flux, a period of rapid and continuous change, where the old order is being torn down, where people are disaffiliating from groups, and where institutional life is being . (Yandell 2013), Again, it has been objected that Hick, contrary to many religions, downgrades religious practice and belief as inessential to a religion, the only important features of a religion being that it is a response to the Ultimate Reality and that it fosters the ethical transformation noted above. Religious diversity is the coexistence of more than one religion in the same setting. Another, without saying that people may be saved through membership in them, affirms various positive values in other religions, including true teachings, which serve as divinely ordained preparations for reception the gospel. The Politics and Practice of Religious Diversity PDF How would you define diversity? - UNC Gillings School of Global Public Religious Diversity in Classrooms - Video & Lesson Transcript - Study.com In this article, religious pluralism refers to a theory about the diversity of religions. These negative qualities include but are not limited to: being arrogant, unreasonable, mean, narrow-minded, closed-minded, uninformed, provincial, out of date, xenophobic, bigoted, intolerant, in favor of proselytism, colonialist, and imperialist. 2013, 333) For instance, if Theravada Buddhism is correct that humans are trapped in the cycle of rebirth by craving and ignorance, even if one goes to a heavenly realm upon death, such as envisaged by non-Buddhist religions, one is still trapped in samsara, in this realm of suffering, albeit at a higher tier. Some theorized, for instance, that a baptism of blood, that is, martyrdom, would be enough to save unbaptized catechumens. An exclusivist stance is often signaled by the claim that there is only one true religion. Other religions, then, are false. A naive person may infer from this that no claim, or no central claim of any other religion is true, but all such are false. (Smith 1992, 2003 ch. Legenhausen, Hajj Muhammad [Gary Carl]. Beginning in the late twentieth century, however, some Jewish thinkers have argued for pluralism along the lines of various Christian authors, revising traditional Jewish theology. It is impossible that all three experiences are veridical. Smith holds that in former ages, and among primitive peoples now, such a worldview is near universal. [This entry examines the origins and differing patterns of development of the world's major religious traditions, as well as the varying patterns of interaction between these religions and the social, political, and economic frameworks with which they coexist. (Prothero 2010, 13-6; Yandell 1999, 16-9), Scholarly study of a wide range of religions, and comparison and evaluation of them, was to a large extent pioneered by Christian missionaries in the nineteenth century seeking to understand those whom they sought to convert. 6). These qualities include but are not limited to: being humble, reasonable, kind, broad-minded, open-minded, informed, cosmopolitan, modern, properly appreciative of difference, non-bigoted, tolerant, being opposed to proselytizing (attempts to convince those outside the religion to convert to it), anti-colonialist, and anti-imperialist. (Netland 2001, 23-54) Theories of religious diversity have largely been driven by attacks on and defenses of such claims, and discussions continue within the realm of Christian theology.
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