The solar nebula theory asserts that the solar system was birthed by a monolithic interstellar gas cloud that condensed to form the sun and planets. Before it arrived in orbit about Jupiter, the Galileo spacecraft flew past Possible Mercury bit at least Earth and Mars (and Moon) show late great impacts. Because extrasolar planets are too close to their much brighter parent stars, observers cannot typically observe an extrasolar planet directly. But the dust and gas are also the ingredients for the planets themselves. A) orbiting around the Kuiper Belt body Hector. Back in the 20th century, the two competing theories as to what force was responsible for the creation of the solar system were the catastrophic hypothesis and the evolutionary hypothesis. During the late 19th century the Kant-Laplace views were criticized by the British physicist James Clerk Maxwell, who showed that, if all the matter contained in the known planets had once been distributed around the Sun in the form of a disk, the shearing forces of differential rotation would have prevented the condensation of individual planets. According to the Solar Nebula theory, planets a) should be a common result of star formation. e. Uranus, Which of the following are the jovian planets? Homework 6 (Chapter 18) Flashcards | Quizlet By this time we would no longer have a disorganized heap of gas and dust and would have a discoid structure with a thickening in the center. E) are spaced more closely together as they get further from the Sun. D) most exoplanets are smaller than Pluto. Intro to Astronomy Ch. 8 Flashcards | Quizlet A similar but smaller and more detailed model was proposed by Pierre-Simon Laplace in his treatise Exposition du system du monde (Exposition of the system of the world), which he released in 1796. Type I or Type II migration could smoothly decrease the semimajor axis of the planet's orbit resulting in a warm- or hot-Jupiter. Many of the Jupiter-sized planets have eccentric orbits which may indicate that gravitational encounters occurred between the planets, although migration while in resonance can also excite eccentricities. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. poster about urban heat island (geography), which of the following types of tectonic forces tend to squeeze and shorten a rock body? C) mass times weight. The planet will probably have a radius of around five to 10 times greater than Earth's. III. The theory was proposed by French mathematician Pierre Simon Laplace . [28] This enhances the mass of planetesimals fourfold. 325 lessons. b. everything past Mars and the asteroid belt Also, the study of extrasolar planets have allowed scientists to notice irregularities that cast doubt on the nebular hypothesis. See Answer. The core grew large rapidly and triggered gas collapse onto the planet from the disk, a large factor being the stickiness of ices at the grain stage. The most distant objects in our solar system are: b. have masses 2-10 times that of the earth. For more information, be sure to check out the origin of the Solar System and how the Sun and planets formed. IV. By the early 20th century, the Laplacian model had fallen out of favor, prompting scientists to seek out new theories. Star Mass & Luminosity Formula | Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram, How Orbits Are Influenced by Gravity & Energy, Terrestrial Planets | Facts & Characteristics. the ________. The only planet with no atmosphere of consequence is ________. C) most stars are too bright for us to detect a planetary transit. Planetary Science: The Science of Planets around Stars, Second Edition, Michael M. Woolfson, p. 190, Brester, David (1876), "More Worlds Than One: The Creed of the Philosopher and the Hope of the Christian", Chatto and Windus, Piccadilly, p. 153, As quoted by David Brewster, "More worlds than one: the creed of the philosopher and the hope of the Christian", Fixed stars and binary systems. Alas, it seems that it questions that have to do with origins that are the toughest to answer. The solar nebular theory has been supported by observation of dusty disks around the [66] This happens gradually, due to the formation of a density gap in the protoplanetary disk and to disk dispersal. That blows a 2nd generation of large bubbles with massive, compressed shells, The shells would lead to a 3d generation of ~ 500 1000 stars of Sun size or less. There are the intrinsic gradualists and the extrinsic catastrophists. Astronomy-Chapter 15 Flashcards | Quizlet The post-runaway-gas-accretion stage is characterized by migration of the newly formed giant planets and continued slow gas accretion. B) are dense, like the iron meteorites. Jupiter can be considered a clue, too massive to tilt by outside forces. In contrast, the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) formed beyond the point between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter where material is cool enough for volatile icy compounds to remain solid (i.e. f. P2O5\mathrm{P}_2 \mathrm{O}_5P2O5. b. caused by the Earth passing near the orbit of an Earthgrazing asteroid AST 111 Chapter 8 Flashcards | Quizlet Chapter 4: The Solar System: Interplanetary M, Astrononmy: The Terrestrial Planets: Ch 6, American Literature: Frederick Douglass, Olau, Jeffrey O. Bennett, Mark Voit, Megan O. Donahue, Nicholas O. Schneider. The universe is vast, and we have discovered very little of it, leading most to believe that there is still very much to be learned. d. cout << "! ", "Formation of gas giant planets: core accretion models with fragmentation and planetary envelope", "Clustered Star Formation and the Origin of Stellar Masses", "The onset of collapse in turbulently supported molecular clouds", "The formation of protostellar disks. However, the first generation of star systems in the universe probably consisted only of hydrogen and helium. Which planet by itself contains the majority of mass of all the planets? But as we have learned, the inner planets and outer planets have radically different axial tilts. a few kilo in size and very low in density. A) a streak of light in the atmosphere. B) moving closer to the Sun. Closest to the sun and consist of Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. 15 II, III, IV Accretion is Ch. Astronomy 101 Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, GACE Special Education Mathematics & Science (088) Prep, History 106: The Civil War and Reconstruction, SAT Subject Test Literature: Practice and Study Guide, Intro to Excel: Essential Training & Tutorials, Create an account to start this course today. The astronomy course I attended looked at the core collapse model of large planets. E) Venus. How far is a spring extended if it has 1.0J1.0 \mathrm{~J}1.0J of potential energy and its spring constant is 1,000N/m1,000 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{m}1,000N/m? Leftover debris that never became planets congregated in regions such as the Asteroid Belt, Kuiper Belt, and Oort Cloud. [74] The in situ growth of hot Jupiters from closely orbiting super Earths has also been proposed. The catastrophic hypothesis is a hypothesis that states that our solar system formed thanks to a sudden and improbable event such as the collision of two stars. [79], Use of the term "accretion disk" for the protoplanetary disk leads to confusion over the planetary accretion process. B) they contain pristine material from the solar nebula. C) debris from the Kuiper Belt. When it comes to the formation of our Solar System, the most widely accepted view is known as the Nebular Hypothesis. C) Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto 2. When it comes to the formation of our Solar System, the most widely accepted view is known as the Nebular Hypothesis. What are Nebulae? [39] In an accretion disk, there is a net flux of mass from larger radii toward smaller radii. C) Ida. [64] The latter number represents the average lifetime of gaseous disks around Sun-like stars. He assumed that the mutual gravitational attractions of the particles caused them to start moving and colliding, at which point chemical forces kept them bonded together. Researchers estimate that there is more total mass in the Kuiper Belt than in the asteroid bel, Some meteorites are believed to have come from Mars and the Moon, As a rotating gas cloud contracts, it spins faster. | Nebula Types & Differences, Oceanic Ridge System: Formation & Distribution. e. both A and C are correct, Relative to the comet, the direction of the ion tail tells us: A) slower due to conservation of angular momentum. [2] Initially it is a slow process, increasing the core masses up to 30MEarth in a few million years. As. c. cout << "y == z - 3: " << (y == z - 3) << endl; According to the nebular theory, stars form in massive and dense clouds of molecular hydrogen giant molecular clouds (GMC). Neptune, Comet orbits all have ________ eccentricity compared to the asteroids, Most asteroid orbits lie between those of Mars and ________, A solid body from the outer solar system that arrives intact on the Earth's surface is called The input shaft for the gear train shown in figure rotates at 6840rpm6840\ \mathrm{rpm}6840rpm. D) away from the Sun and becomes longest and brightest at perihelion. The sun and planets formed from a single cloud that was slowly rotating. D) spacecraft sent to an asteroid. Solar Nebular Hypothesis: Definition & Explanation - Study.com [63] Mars and Mercury may be regarded as remaining embryos that survived that rivalry. A) Planetary density increases with increasing distance from the Sun. A similar model, but with the planets being formed before the Sun, was proposed by the French astronomer and mathematician Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1796. B) toward Earth and never varies. Which planet by itself contains the majority of mass of all the planets? sixty degrees ahead or behind jupiter, sharing its orbit about the sun, The most distant objects in our solar system are How Was the Solar System Formed? - The Nebular Hypothesis b. sixty degrees ahead or behind Jupiter, sharing its orbit about the Sun D) where the ecliptic is. Chapter 8 Concept Quiz Flashcards | Quizlet E) have perihelions within the orbits of Mercury. B) more cratered. So the transition from the geocentric view and eternal state the way things are evolved with appreciation of dinosaurs and plate tectonics too and then refining the nebular idea the Nice model the Grand Tack model alittle more? e. PF5\mathrm{PF}_5PF5 [21] In the framework of the solar nebular model two theories for their formation exist. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. A) the direction the comet is traveling. This method has been useful in star identification, but not in planetary discovery. The largest asteroid, and probably the only one to be a spherical "world" is In the area closer to the sun, where temperatures were higher, condensation of matter occurred which led to the formation of telluric planets, terrestrial or interior. The curved, yellow ________ tail lags behind the blue tail as the comet rounds the Sun. Streaks of light made when small debris hits our atmosphere are called ________. d. According to current theory, the formation of the planets of our solar system occurred as a result of collisions between increasingly large bodies of matter within a flattened cloud of matter circling the early Sun, known as a protoplanetary disk. D) close to or at perihelion. Temperatures were very high close to the center, only allowing condensation of metals and silicate minerals with high melting points. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you succeed. b. where the comet came from Most astronomers now regard Pluto as just one of the largest of the thousands of Kuiper Belt c.shearing forces For example, there is the problem of tilted axes. All the planets revolve around the Sun in the same direction, except for Venus and Uranus. B) cools due to condensation. bodies found beyond Neptune. In short, the process starts with a rotating cloud of gas and dust that contracts and flattens to form a disk around a star forming at its center. Density is defined as Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. A) are the sources of long-period comets. [69] Another possible solution is the growth of the cores of the giant planets via pebble accretion. A) in the Kuiper Belt. It was during this time, from the 16th to 18th centuries, that astronomers and physicists began to formulate evidence-based explanations of how our Sun, the planets, and the Universe began. C) an icy body with a long tail extending from it. D) everything past Mars and the asteroid belt A) ground based optical images. (z > w) << endl; b. false, The Manicouagan reservoir near Quebec is an example of: According to the solar nebula theory, why is the Earth's orbit nearly in the plane of the sun's equator? There are several methods that can be used to aid this observance. So far, beyond the solar system the extrasolar planets found have been mostly c. the direction the comet is traveling A) the terrestrials are more like the Sun, since they formed close to it. [19], In addition, the giant planets probably had accretion disks of their own, in the first meaning of the word. The solar wind mass outflow carries angular momentum away from the sun AND the sun's magnetic field drags material out in the solar system, transferring angular momentum outward. He proposed instead the catastrophic or tidal theory, first suggested by the American geologist Thomas C. Chamberlin. E) our telescopes are not powerful enough to detect them. D) should be extremely rare. Credit for this goes to Soviet astronomer Victor Safronov and his book Evolution of the protoplanetary cloud and formation of the Earth and the planets (1972). The mergers begin when the dynamical friction due to the gas disk becomes insufficient to prevent collisions, a process that will begin earlier in a higher metallicity disk. D) brown dwarfs much more massive than Jupiter. The ________ is the spherical outgassing as a comet nucleus is heated by the Sun. This could have been the result of a passing star, or shock waves from a supernova, but the end result was a gravitational collapse at the center of the cloud.. Stages that occurred during the formation of our solar system in order: surfaces dramatically altered during the heavy bombardment. The four inner planets, those closest to the Sun, are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. b.tensional forces a. Saturn a. NCl3\mathrm{NCl}_3NCl3 A) between the orbits of Jupiter and Uranus In some cases, we have seen extrasolar planets pass in front of their stars. A) most jovian satellites However, there are some salient points that I think I have picked up earlier: something happened that caused the cloud to collapse. Now scientists have come up with grain collapse scenarios, where grains start to follow each other for reasons of gravity and viscous properties of the disk, I think. Ices condensed only in the outer solar system, where some icy planetesimals grew large enough to attract gas from the nebula, while only metal and rock condensed in the inner solar system, making terrestrial . The terrestrial planets formed inside the frost line of the solar nebula and the jovian planets formed beyond it. A) close to or at aphelion. Solar wind from the Sun created the heliosphere and swept away the remaining gas and dust from the protoplanetary disc into interstellar space, ending the planetary formation process. E) a few hundred kilometers across, and bright, shiny white from its ices. [64] Hypotheses do not predict a merger stage, due to the low probability of collisions between planetary embryos in the outer part of planetary systems. Describe the function(s) of the placenta. That blows a 1st geeration of large bubbles with massive, compressed shells that are seeded with supernova elements, as we see Earth started out with. As the solar nebula contracts, it Meteor showers are what does the flatness of the rotation curve shown here reveal about this galaxy? Various simulations have also demonstrated that the accretion of material in these discs leads to the formation of a few Earth-sized bodies. Meteoroids are significantly smaller than asteroids. The cores in this hypothesis could have formed locally or at a greater distance and migrated close to the star. The nucleus of a comet is typically We expect other solar systems to be common because while we feel that our solar system is unique or special, we also do not want to consider ourselves alone in the universe. Chapter 8: Formation of the Solar System - Chegg Which of the following have an icy composition? All sorts of bodies up to protoplanets can be grown quickly and, when over the problematic size, will start to clear the disk rather than being braked by it. A meteorite is All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. A) cometary debris. As the sun collapsed to form, gas and dust particles in the nebula collided and slowly migrated toward the plane of rotation of the nebula. There were no comets or asteroids in these first-generation star systems. A) Saturn. According to modern science, what was the approximate chemical composition of the solar nebula? Originally proposed to explain the origin of the Solar System, this theory has gone on to become a widely accepted view of how all star systems came to be. Earth's interaction with a comet's dust tail A body in orbit about a planet is a ________. D) Kuiper Belt Objects A) Venus B) Jupiter C) Saturn D) the Earth E) Uranus. a. compressive forces [21] The formation of planets like Uranus and Neptune is more problematic, since no theory has been capable of providing for the in situ formation of their cores at the distance of 2030AU from the central star. According to the Solar Nebula theory, planets: a. should be a common result of star formation b. should orbit perpendicular to their star's equator c. should be randomly oriented to their stars equator d. will resolve opposite the star's rotation e. should be extremely rare a. should be a common result of star fomration This could have been the result of a passing star, or shock waves from a supernova, but the end result was a gravitational collapse at the center of the cloud. faster due to conservation of angular momentum. Compute (n).\varphi(n).(n). Solved Our solar system was created from a dust and gas - Chegg The solar nebula theory asserts that the solar system was birthed by a monolithic interstellar gas cloud that condensed to form the sun and planets. According to the solar nebula theory, why is the Earth's orbit nearly in the plane of the sun's equator? C) meteorites and most asteroids All ________ planets have rings around their equators. c. with the others, between Mars and Jupiter; their red colour gives them their name The sun and planets formed from a single cloud that was slowly rotating. E) a large meteorite impact. C) NEAR. While Kuiper Belt bodies are often larger than any asteroid, we think their density will be Red Supergiant Life Cycle & Facts | What is a Red Supergiant? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. B) should be a common result of star formation. Astronomers have adjusted the nebular hypothesis to account for some of these problems, but have yet to address all outlying questions. Then the accumulation of matter continues, which will lead to the onset of nuclear reactions that allow the newly formed star to resist gravitational pressure. Which of the following did not occur during the collapse of the solar nebula? What came out of the evolutionary hypothesis was the solar nebula theory, the theory that posits that the planets and sun in the solar system formed from the solar nebula. [61] Some of the embryos, which originated in the asteroid belt, are thought to have brought water to Earth. E) short period comets. Jupiter and Saturn formed earlier and captured nebular gas before it was cleared out. His Trait de mcanique cleste (Celestial Mechanics), appearing in five volumes between 1798 and 1827, summarized the results obtained by his mathematical, According to the nebular hypothesis, part of an interstellar cloud of dust and gas underwent gravitational collapse to form a primeval solar nebula. However, between our current models of star and planet formation, and the birth of our Universe, we have come a long way. The process by which small debris condenses into planetesimals is ________. Support comes from observations at infrared and radio wavelengths, which have revealed disks of matter around young stars. [28][68] After that, the accretion rates increase dramatically and the remaining 90% of the mass is accumulated in approximately 10,000years. Improved model tests and insights into accretion physics", "RELEASE 14114 Astronomical Forensics Uncover Planetary Disks in NASA's Hubble Archive", "Thermal processing of interstellar dust grains in the primitive solar environment", "ALMA Sheds Light on Planet-Forming Gas Streams", "Rapid formation of outer giant planets by disk instability", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters, "Linking the collisional history of the main asteroid belt to its dynamical excitation and depletion", "The Primordial Excitation and Clearing of the Asteroid Belt", "The formation of Uranus and Neptune in the Jupiter-Saturn region of the Solar System", "The role of giant planets in terrestrial planet formation", "Are We Alone?
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