Fung IC-H, Tse ZTH, Cheung C-N, Miu AS, Fu K-W. Ebola and the social media; 2014. The COVID-19 pandemic-related social restrictions forced many people to change how they communicate. Healthcare. Furthermore, the authors suggest that exposure to negative reports and posts may contribute to the risk of depression in some people. Article Mental Health | NIH COVID-19 Research 2020. Interaction effects of social media use and the COVID19 stressor on depression. Emerg Infect Dis. The pooled effect size of this meta-analysis was mainly presented in an odds ratio (Fig. Repeated exposure to the news may affect the construct of external reality and may lead to a delusion-like experience, which has been linked to anxiety and social media overuse [24, 25]. See this image and copyright information in PMC. Each item is measured as having a high risk of bias, low risk of bias, or uncertain. For example, based on participant selection, each researcher marked an article as having a high risk of bias if, for example, the patient definitions of depression were generated by self-reported data. OR twitter/exp. Google Scholar. 2020 Nov 13;29:e181. However, the impact of COVID-19 on mental health outcomes among adolescents remains understudied. Case Rep Psychiatry. Validation of the Chinese version of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale among Chinese college students. Cooper LN, Radunsky AP, Hanna JJ, Most ZM, Perl TM, Lehmann CU, Medford RJ. In each study, the association with the mental health level of the social media frequent use group (compared to the low frequency group) was calculated as the odds ratio, and the association with the increase in the mental health level per hour increase was calculated as the regression coefficient () and Pearsons r. Statistics used for calculating pooled effects (e.g., odds ratio, regression coefficient, and Pearsons r) were utilized as its adjusted value with covariates from each study, not the unadjusted crude values. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofad142. The .gov means its official. Still, there is ongoing debate on whether social media content regulation may increase mistrust and promote more social media posts reflecting inaccurate information. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023 Mar;9(3):e13468. The current study qualitatively examined the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on adolescents with mental health concerns prior to the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic forced many countries worldwide into a nationwide lockdown. But has the use of social media during the pandemic negatively impacted mental health and well-being? Despite these limitations, this study exhibits a number of strengths; to the best of our knowledge, the study is the first meta-analysis to examine the relationship between use of social media and mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic, to validate the results by various verification methods such as trim-and-fill methods, influential analysis, and heterogeneity analysis. Lancet. The study aimed to present a comprehensive direction of relevance by analysing studies investigating the association between time spent on social media during the COVID-19 pandemic and mental health symptoms (i.e., anxiety and depressive) among the public. Conclusions: Additionally, according to a study that appears in the journal Globalization and Health, there is increasing evidence that endless news feeds reporting SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and COVID-19 death rates could influence the mental health of some individuals. The negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic are far-reaching, especially regarding mental health. The final studies after retrieval measured the amount of time spent on social media, which was either categorical or continuous variables (see Supplementary Material 1). Aiken, L.S. However, the information shared on these platforms can sometimes be inaccurate or misleading. Are Women More Attracted to Men With Tattoos? Liu S, Yang L, Zhang C, Xiang Y, Liu Z, Hu S, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected us in numerous ways and may consequently impact our relationships with pet dogs and cats. Regarding eligibility criteria, studies conducted after the declaration of the pandemic, studies that measured mental health symptoms with validated tools, and studies that presented quantitative results were eligible. Package metafor. Person B, Sy F, Holton K, Govert B, Liang A. COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: systematic review of the current evidence. 2023 Feb 15;20(4):3392. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20043392. A study found that younger people were more susceptible to changes in personality traits during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Educ Health Promot. Social media may be helpful for relieving anxiety and depression by providing information regarding the pandemic [7, 8]. However, during the Covid-19 pandemic, social media also helped with loneliness, as it acted as a medium for contact and kept students entertained during this isolating time. A meta-analysis of 23 studies (2018) reported significant correlation between social media use and psychological distress [23]. As government health organizations used it to relay recent findings on prevention and treatment, social media became more than a place to post the latest vacation photos it became a hub of pandemic-related information. Exploring the effects of social media on mental health during COVID The positive effect of social media while COVID. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. The studies after retrieval evaluated the association between time spent on social media platform and mental health outcomes (i.e. Did the COVID-19 pandemic lead to changes in our personality traits? Each of the final distinct 14 studies (after excluding duplicate studies) measured multiple mental health outcome variables (i.e., anxiety and depression), and pooled effect sizes were calculated for each outcome. J Affect Disord. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The increase in social media use time was also associated with depressive symptoms (pooled OR=1.43, 95% CI: 1.301.85, prediction intervals: [0.822.49]), and the heterogeneity between studies was moderate (I2=67.16%) (see Fig. In addition, sensitivity analysis was also conducted with unbiased high quality studies through quality assessment. Rapid transition to the new remote educational environment and telecommuting may trigger mental health issues [29]. Fear and stigma: the epidemic within the SARS outbreak. RoBANS applies to cross-sectional studies and comprises six items: participant selection, confounding, exposure measurement, blinding of outcome assessments, missing outcomes, and selective reporting of outcomes. Both surveys included the PSS, GAD-7 . We also spoke with two experts about this complex topic. About | Exploring the effects of social media on mental health during COVID PubMed MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Marino C, Gini G, Vieno A, i Spada, M. A comprehensive meta-analysis on problematic Facebook use. 2011;37(3):23344. 13% reported having started or increased substance use, changing the way notifications are triggered, introducing stronger regulation and monitoring of content designed to harm, implementing suggestions that users take a break, signposting to evidence-based resources and support on posts that may be triggering, ensuring clearer guidelines and more ability for users to easily control sensitive content. While social media may be considered as an alternative channel for people to connect with their peers in the pandemic, the findings suggest that excessive use of social media can be detrimental for mental health. 2007;7(3):405. The technology landscape has rapidly evolved in recent years, with social media now playing a central role in the lives of youth. According to one study, attempts to reduce the spread of misinformation by fact-checking and flagging posts with inaccuracies may help reduce the influence of false information for some people. And to seek out the resources, just as we do with strengthening our physical health and flexibility.. With emerging research suggesting social media may impact the mental health of some users, some platforms have begun to initiate positive changes. Sometimes we end up alone without wanting to be. 2021. As a result of strong quarantine measures, private meetings, gatherings, and physical contact with intimate relatives have been reduced [1]. Worldwide, statistics suggest mental health has declined since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Terms and Conditions, Since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic in January 2020 the need for rapid information spread grew and social media became the ultimate platform for information exchange as well as a tool for connection and entertainment. Kim SY, Park JE, Lee YJ, Seo H-J, Sheen S-S, Hahn S, et al. The Impacts of Social Media Use and Online Racial - PubMed During the COVID-19 pandemic, both social media use and rates of anxiety and depression among college students have increased significantly. Coping with COVID-19: How Young People Use Digital Media to Manage Study finds little evidence of negative impact on mental health from For sensitivity analysis, additional analysis including only high quality studies was conducted and it compared with the pooled estimates of overall results (see Table1). The Impact of Social Media on College Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Multinational Review of the Existing Literature Authors Jessica M Haddad 1 2 , Christina Macenski 3 4 , Alison Mosier-Mills 4 , Alice Hibara 5 , Katherine Kester 4 , Marguerite Schneider 4 6 , Rachel C Conrad 3 4 , Cindy H Liu 3 4 7 Affiliations The Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random effects meta-analysis is straightforward and considerably outperforms the standard DerSimonian-Laird method. 2023 Jan 31;12:23. doi: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_460_22. In addition, having a social media-free day can positively affect mental well-being. Social Media During the Time of COVID-19 | Psychology Today Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. As expected, results from regression analyses indicated that a higher level of social media use was associated with worse mental health. The search terms for a systematic search were as following: (1) (COVID-19 OR corona) AND (mental health OR depress* OR anxiety) AND (social media OR Instagram OR Facebook OR twitter) for PubMed, (2) (coronavirus disease 2019/exp/mj) AND (mental health/exp/mj OR depression/exp OR anxiety/exp) AND (social media/exp./mj OR Facebook/exp. However, the increased use of social media during the pandemic wasn't completely without faults. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal The fear of missing out. Moreover, path analysis showed negative affect mediated the relationship of social media use and mental health. A systematic review of the prevalence of anxiety symptoms during coronavirus epidemics. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. The ultimate intention is for us to become the masters of social media, rather than social media become the masters of us.. Article Overexposure to inaccurate and false information can be confusing and overwhelming, ultimately leading to increased anxiety, mistrust, stress, and depression. volume22, Articlenumber:995 (2022) Studies investigating the association between time spent on social media and mental health outcomes (e.g., anxiety and depression) were summarised in Supplementary Material 1. Lancet Psychiatry. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. A single author first extracted the information and a second author checked for accuracy. Kaurani P, Batra K, Hooja HR, Banerjee R, Jayasinghe RM, Bandara DL, et al. 2020 Oct 1;3(10):e2025591. eCollection 2023. Comput Hum Behav. Spicemas Launch 28th April, 2023 - Facebook The increase in the time spent using social media platforms were associated with anxiety symptoms in overall studies (pooled OR=1.55, 95% CI: 1.301.85, prediction intervals: [1.082.23]), and the heterogeneity between studies was mild (I2=26.77%) (see Fig. More than 80% (95%CI:80.9%-83.1%) of participants reported frequently exposed to social media. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal What Role has Social Media Played in COVID-19? - News-Medical.net Ma Z, Zhao J, Li Y, Chen D, Wang T, Zhang Z, Chen Z, Yu Q, Jiang J, Fan F, Liu X. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Google Scholar. ResearchSquare. A systematic literature search of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases was performed to identify studies. To maintain mental wellness during this pandemic, take care to exercise proper awareness for yourself and your family when engaging in the use of social media platforms. Informed by the differential susceptibility to media effects model (DSMM), the current study aims to investigate associations of COVID-19-related social media use with mental health outcomes and to uncover potential mechanisms underlying the links. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Estimates presented in odds ratios (OR). Careers. Authors Alyan Layug # 1 2 , Samiksha Krishnamurthy # 2 , Rachel McKenzie 3 , Bo Feng 3 Affiliations This global reach is what has made social media a critical communication platform during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mental health problems and correlates among 746 217 college students during the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in China. As a result, the stigma surrounding mental health conditions may be decreasing. Lim LTS, Regencia ZJG, Dela Cruz JRC, Ho FDV, Rodolfo MS, Ly-Uson J, Baja ES. 2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. 2015. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/metafor/metafor.pdf. Overall, social media is a paradox when it comes to one's mental health. These findings suggest that the disaster stressor may be a risk factor that amplifies the deleterious impact of social media use on depression. Students are at risk? Exposure to hate speech on social media also is on the rise. government site. Kattula D, Singh Balhara YP, Chukkali S, Singh S, Bhargava R, Ganesh R. Psychiatr Danub. New CDC data illuminate youth mental health threats during the COVID-19 Instead, he suggested that [w]e all need to learn how to be responsible for our mental and behavioral strength and flexibility. But despite the positive benefits of social media, evidence has shown that there can be harmful consequences of over-use. As people around the world have been unable to spend quality time with friends and family members, due to social distancing measures, many have relied heavily on their devices as the only means for interaction. doi: 10.1017/S2045796020000931. COVID-19 has limited in-person social interactions, but people are connecting online more than ever for example social media engagement increased 61 percent during the first wave of the pandemic. Our Special Feature delves into these issues. As summarised in Supplementary material 1 and 8, 13 papers studied anxiety as an outcome (6 studies in odds ratio, 3 in regression coefficient, 4 in Pearsons r), and a total of 9 papers studied depression as an outcome (6 studies in odds ratio, 3 in regression coefficient). This includes tablets, phones, televisions, and computer monitors. Res Synth Methods. 2). Research is beginning to uncover how specific social media experiences may influence youth mental health. Social media, COVID-19, and mental health, New clues to slow aging? Data show that around 20% of children and adolescents worldwide live with a mental health condition. Online ahead of print. and transmitted securely. CAS The site is secure. Proc Natl Acad Sci. Recent findings: The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the PMC Many old and new platforms became the primary means to stay current with accurate news and health information, connect to loved ones, participate in viral challenges, and stay on top of celebrity gossip. Mental Health of Children and Adolescents Amidst COVID-19 and Past Pandemics: A Rapid Systematic Review. J Clin Epidemiol. We found that excessive or problematic social media use during the COVID-19 pandemic was correlated with worse mental health outcomes that could be mitigated by dialectical thinking, optimism, mindfulness, and cognitive reappraisal. A controversial study helps explain the impact of pets on child development. -, Luo M, Guo L, Yu M, Jiang W, Wang H. The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general publica systematic review and meta-analysis. Analyzing an Emerging Pandemic on Twitter: Monkeypox. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Studies were subdivided into categories according to the summary estimate of effect sizes (odds ratio [OR], beta estimate from multiple linear regression [], and correlation coefficient [Pearsons r]). How COVID-19 News Affect Older Adults' Mental Health-Evidence of a Positivity Bias. Viechtbauer W, Viechtbauer MW. In this episode of CU Anschutz 360, Emily Hemendinger, LCSW, explores the positive and negative consequences of social media use on our mental health. Bao, Y. , Sun, Y. , Meng, S. , Shi, J. , & Lu, L. (2020). As it has grown, more people have started using it as a news source. Int J Adolesc Youth. The Impact of Social Media on College Mental Health During the COVID-19 Three studies each on anxiety and depression (Supplementary Material 11-2, 12-2) reported their findings in (n=2376 and n=2574 for anxiety and depression, respectively). Brief exposure to social media during the COVID-19 pandemic: Doom-scrolling has negative emotional consequences, but kindness-scrolling does not Kathryn Buchanan, Lara B. Aknin, Shaaba Lotun, Gillian M. Sandstrom x Published: October 13, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257728 Article Authors Metrics Comments Media Coverage Peer Review The authors declare no competing interests. The current study examines the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health among young adults in the US, how they use social media and the social support they obtain from the online environment, and the effect on their mental health during stay-at-home orders. The analysis demonstrated that the excessive time spent on social media platform was associated with a greater likelihood of having symptoms of anxiety and depression. Boasting about professional accomplishments has negative repercussions. Duval S, Tweedie R. Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plotbased method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. 2021;6(2):159-66. Potential effects of social distancing measures and school lockdown on child and adolescent mental health. According to the new data, in 2021, more than a third (37%) of high school students reported they experienced poor mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, and 44% reported they persistently felt sad or hopeless during the past year. Research has shown that people in a videoconference who spent more time looking at themselves had more negative moods after the interaction. In cross-sectional studies, misclassification cases due to an unreliable self-contained questionnaire for categorizing depressive patients were rated as high risk. For the qualitative assessment, studies with two or more high risk of bias grades were then classified as low quality. BMC Public Health Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Our data provide cross-sectional snapshots and longitudinal changes. Every article was independently evaluated by two researchers (YJJ and YRL) in first hand, and a third researcher (SJJ) mediated the final selection in case of differences in opinion. Also, implementation of social distancing mandates new norms limiting physical conducts in almost all sectors of life, including educational institutes and vocational venue. Like anything, when used appropriately and in moderation, the effects are mild, and the sense of connection and belonging . To preserve your energy, it's recommended that you regularly unplug and focus your time and energy on the people and things around you that are of importance to you. Saha S, Scott J, Varghese D, McGrath J. Anxiety and depressive disorders are associated with delusional-like experiences: a replication study based on a National Survey of mental health and wellbeing. After removing 19 duplicate publications, 327 studies were included for the title and full-text review (see Fig. Impact of Social Media Use on Mental Health within Adolescent and Student Populations during COVID-19 Pandemic: Review. The effect measures were odds ratio, regression coefficient, and Pearsons r, which calculated the association between the increase in social media use time and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Studies with the following characteristics were excluded: (1) Studies examined traditional social media (e.g., television and radio); (2) case reports, letters, comments, and narrative reviews without quantitative results, and (3) studies using a language other than English. Articles were first screened by reviewing titles, followed by a full-text review. (2012). 2020;27(3):taaa031. All included studies were cross-sectional studies. [It will also allow you] to create habits around those instead of creating habits around fear and judgment and comparison.. Social Media Use, Fake News and Mental Health during the Uncertain The authors would like to thank the Editage (www.editage.co.kr) for English language editing. An increased time spent on social . This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea, funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (2020R1C1C1003502), awarded to SJJ. Contradictory claims regarding the effect of social media use on mental health needs to be resolved. As people grapple with these health, social and economic impacts, mental health has been widely affected. Studies have found that young, socially active populations or workers at high risk of infection, especially college students and frontline healthcare workers, bear a disproportionate burden of mental health problems worldwide (e.g., high levels of anxiety and depression), highlighting the need for appropriate intervention in these populations [3, 4]. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. This often goes against the aims of the platform itself.. Before Results: 2020. doi: 10.21203/, Vindegaard N, Benros ME. It is interesting to find its effect also in politics, organizations and even psychiatric illnesses. In addition, publication bias was assessed using funnel plots, Eggers tests, and the trim-and-fill method [19]. 2020;71:13591053209516211. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. The positive effect of social media while COVID. COVID-19 and behavior: Effects on mental health, communication Young people's mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic Draenovi M, Vukui Rukavina T, Machala Poplaen L. Int J Environ Res Public Health. No ethical approval and patient consent are required since this study data is based on published literature. Part of 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048. A great number of people have reported psychological distress and symptoms of depression, anxiety or post-traumatic . The study recruited 101 participants, and found relationships between social media use, levels of loneliness, and other mental health issues, such as anxiety. Fourteen studies were included. While social media in digital platforms does help to promote social inclusion among adolescents and young adults, the risk associated with their excessive or problematic use cannot be overlooked [12]. Correspondence to There are specific issues relevant to the pandemic and social media that can have a negative impact on our mental health. The concept behind our blog focuses on the effects that social media has on young adults' mental health and more specifically, the impact it has had during this pandemic. (2020). Int J Environ Res Public Health. For example, on September 14, 2021, the social media platform TikTok announced new features for its users to help provide resources for suicide prevention. Annual Review of Psychology, 71(1), 471497. Conceptualization: YRL, SJJ. Reviewed by Matt Huston. From conspiracy theories to false information about cures, there is an abundance of misinformation spread on social media platforms about the novel coronavirus. The corresponding author attests that all listed authors meet authorship criteria and that no others meeting the criteria have been omitted. Cite this article. This meta-analysis review was registered with PROSPERO (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, registration No CRD42021260223, 15 June 2021). 2020;7(4):e178. Advanc Med Educ Pract. Data analyses included a random-effect model and an assessment of inter-study heterogeneity. Men have long been silent and stoic about their inner lives, but theres every reason for them to open up emotionallyand their partners are helping. Disclaimer. Public isolated due to the early quarantine regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) increasingly used more social media platforms. Project administration: SJJ. Bookshelf Book Cookies policy. Background: The pandemic resulted in spikes in anxiety and depression in the general public. Social media was certainly not designed to negatively impact our mental health, but as with all things, there is often both good and bad. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. The repeated sharing of disturbing news can negatively impact the mental health of those social media users who are overexposed to this tragic material. Results: As expected, results from regression analyses indicated that a higher level of social media use was associated with worse mental health. Harrer M, Cuijpers P, Furukawa TA, Ebert DD. Impact of Social Media Use on Mental Health within Adolescent and Student Populations during COVID-19 Pandemic: Review. 2012;3(3):21423. The three cross-sectional studies (presented in ) were insignificant (=0.05, 95% CI: 0.320.15; a unit increment of each screening tool score per hour) with relatively high inter-study heterogeneity (I2=76.07%). First, all the studies included were cross-sectional design. Olkin I, Dahabreh IJ, Trikalinos TA. The overall estimate of the four cross-sectional studies (Pearsons r) was 0.18 (95% CI: 0.100.27) with high inter-study heterogeneity (I2=73.04%). They completed measures of social media use, the COVID-19 stressor, negative affect, secondary traumatic stress (STS), depression, and anxiety as well as covariates.