WebCrowfoot was a chief of the Siksika First Nation. his tribesmen for 25 years. He had saved Canada countless money and many lives by the actions of himself and his people.122 Pakan had followed the advice of his late minister, the late Henry B. Steinhauer, or Shawahnekizhek, the Ojibwe Methodist minister who had worked from the late 1850s to his death in 1884 to develop a self-supporting Christian mission at Whitefish and neighbouring Goodfish Lake in what is now northeastern Alberta.123 McDougalls first wife, Abigail Steinhauer (who died in 1871), was the eldest daughter of Shawahnekizhek.124, In Berlin (present-day Kitchener) Pakan admired the immense work the citizens had made: Yours is a wonderful Town. ['Left-hand'] INDIAN BOOK LIST The Oneida Indian Tribe of Wisconsin Prezs candidacy was part of a wave of Indigenous leaders running for government positions in South America, and in the process, it brought awareness to issues that affect Indigenous communities in Ecuador. In the summer of 1893 Pakan had helped to bring seventeen students from Whitefish Lake to the Methodists new Red Deer Industrial School.151 After only one year Pakan asked for the return of his son.152, What the Indian Department thought the Indians were agreeing to, and what the Indian knew he was willing to accept, rarely coincided. In light of McDougalls repeated protests against the Indian Act and the newly instituted pass system to restrict First Nations travel off the reserve, the government declined to fund the Methodist contingent. (Kiowa) 104 Indian Chiefs. Thirty-Years Missionary Experience in the Saskatchewan (London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1915). From Regina in March 1886 Green wrote: Show them, or at least, allow them to be shown the principal sights & cities of Ontario & Quebec, and above all, have them visit the most prosperous Indian reserves of these provinces. Pakan came back to his community profoundly disappointed. 17 Allan R. Taylor, Note Concerning Lakota Sioux Terms for White and Negro, Plains Anthropologist, 21 (1976), no. Indian Chiefs, Native served as the Inuit Broadcasting Corporation president from 1983-1988 where she was instrumental in developing it to express and reflect Inuit culture and society. Compiled by: Glenn A beaded collar secured the relationship between British and Wendat nations. By the fall of 1886, when the chiefs embarked on their journey, transcontinental train service on the CPR had only been in existence for several months. 18 I thank Hugh and Pauline Dempsey for this information, 10 March 2017. Their lack of exercise took its toll. assassinated by a member of the Peoria tribe in Illinois. The previous year the Methodist (now the United Church of Canada) missionary served as guide, scout, and chaplain with the Alberta Field Force, part of the Canadian forces organized to fight Louis Riel.3 The best-known Protestant missionary on the Canadian Plains4 paid for the tour entirely with voluntary contributions from Methodist congregations throughout Ontario and Montreal. Great Native American Chiefs | Group of Native The chiefs travelled in an hour approximately the same distance one could cover on a horse in day.10. He served for 14 years across three consecutive terms. She was born to the Shoshone tribe known as the Agaidika Top 10 indigenous heroes includes Elijah Harper, Alanis Obomsawin PROFILES They depended on military discipline and student labour.75. Major ethnicities include the: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Dreaver was eighteen when he arrived in the North West to work at Fort Carlton (p. 734, endnote 32). She is also the first female First Nations senator in TRIBAL COMMUNITY In 2000 a land claim was settled between the Nisga'a people of British Columbia and the provincial government, resulting in the return of over 2,000 square kilometres of land to the Nisga'a. A Toronto Globe story on September 2 reported that Chief Pakan, one of the Methodist loyal chiefs from Alberta, who weighed 180 pounds when he first reached Toronto now weighs 205 a clear gain of twenty-five pounds in one month.29, An estimated 7,000 people came out to see Crowfoot and Three Bulls at the St. Peters Cathedral bazaar.30 The press and the public lionized Crowfoot. This site has been accessed 10,000,000 times since Ojibwe Voices from Nineteenth-Century Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013), 261264. 144The college magazine, Acta Victoriana, 10,1 (1886/87), p. 15, mentions that during the visit Bob visited: most of the important towns and cities between Montreal and Sarnia. English Online is not responsible for inaccurate translations. US government on the tribe's lands. OBITUARIES, Science & Wonder During her 137 Rev. Dan George The two Blackfoot stayed in what they called otas, huge homes with many rooms, each with windows. (Santee Sioux) By the late spring of 1886 the Blackfoot chief had only one baby daughter at home, two daughters who were married, and a grown son who was going blind.46 In addition, in early July 1886, he lost his beloved son Poundmaker. In 1715, Hudsons Bay Company Governor James Knight wanted to establish trade with the Chipewyan and expand the business northward to Churchill. one (Montreal and Kingston: Published for the Truth and Reconciliation Commission by McGill-Queens University Press, 2015). The First Nations had no control over the boarding schools. Instead of window glass they stretched thin wet animal hide over a window frame. Arapaho Chiefs. Elijah Harper (Oji-Cree):In 1990, with an eagle feather raised, Manitoba's lone aboriginalMLAvoiced his opposition to the Meech Lake Accord --a constitutional amendment to gain Quebecs acceptance of the Constitution Act. Jonas Goodstoney had just become a chief. Vintage Photos Of Canadas First Nations People (1880s) In 1884, Alex Ross (1851-1894) moved from Winnipeg to Calgary, Alberta, where he opened a photographic studio. Within two years of the photo being taken, all nine children pictured, several of whom were his own, had died of tuberculosis. The Hamilton Spectator noted August 20, Two of them talked over the wires in the central offices in Toronto, and half the time they could not speak for laughing.. Thanks to the granting of limited rations the situation had improved by 1886. Historian Hugh Dempsey writes: True, he had kept his language, for there were other Blood and Blackfoot boys with him, but there had been constant pressures from the priests for him to cast aside his heathen ways. Red Crow, who was adamant that the Bloods retain their religion, realized the enormous strain on his son of the religious indoctrination, but, Dempsey adds, just as warriors spent months away from home, gaining the prestige and knowledge needed to sustain them in later years so did his son need the white mans education.92. Crowfoot with children in 1884. She has also represented Indigenous concerns as a leader of several United Nations committees. Roach Headdresses. ROY COOK NEWS BLOG G. Graham-Cumming, Health of the Original Canadians, 18671967, Medical Services Journal of Canada, 23,2 (1967): 118119. Here is a partial list of the suggestions that flooded in on Facebook and Twitter. Schools are what we want, to educate our children, who are thirsting for knowledge.129 He wanted caring concerned teachers like Elizabeth Barrett, an Ontario schoolteacher who taught for two years at Whitefish Lake in the mid-1870s. Discover a wealth of interesting, entertaining and informative stories in each issue, delivered to you six times per year. He had seen First Nations people growing crops, learned many had acquired English, and discovered graduates of the residential school had obtained jobs in the trades and in teaching.95 Also, a substantial number of the Six Nations maintained their traditional religion. His work has been displayed at major art museums nationally and internationally, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the National Gallery of Canada. Webster upon his visit to the Mohawk Institute, Brantford, and the Grand River Reserve Canada, October 1908 (London: Spottiswoode & Co., October 1908), 13. John McDougalls party consisted of Chiefs Pakan and Samson two important Cree Methodists and Jonas Goodstoney, a young Stoney Nakoda chief, fluent in Cree.119 McDougall interpreted for all three of them. Major ethnicities in the Yukon, Northwest Territories and the northern parts of the western provinces (British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba) include the following: The largest First Nations group near the St. Lawrence waterway are the Iroquois. Charles Alexander 1092, 453, microfilm reel C7219, Library and Archives Canada. Skilled in putting positive political his hair. Knott was the first elected female First Nations chief in Canada, after a 1951 amendment to the Indian Act permitted Indigenous women to vote and participate in band governments. She was also chief of her First Nation for 14 years, from 1954 to 1962 and from 1970 to 1976. Detroit at what became known as The Battle of Bloody Run. By November all three groups had returned home. Allen, in fact, had run away.76 As the Johnson brothers came from a family in which English was the first language, the rule that they must promise to give up talking Indian, till they have learnt to speak English with more ease and fluency, did not apply. As a friend of the First Nations, Macdonald opposed any reduction to the QuAppelle peoples land base. John McDougall independently organized a third group of three loyal chiefs, two Cree and one Stoney Nakoda from Alberta. We recognize the resilience of Indigenous storytellers and Knowledge Keepers who have kept their stories alive despite attempts to silence them. Indigenous War Heroes - More Than a Few Good Men Americans 63 Sally M. Weaver, The Iroquois: The Grand River Reserve in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries, 18751945, in Aboriginal Ontario: Historical Perspectives on the First Nations (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1994), 223. Interviewing Deputy Minister of Indian Affairs This Afternoon, Ottawa Free Press, 29 September 1886. Chief Pakan, known in English as James Seenum, had an impressive appearance, good physique, tall, straight, and strong. 120 He was in his mid-forties.121, McDougall praised Pakan: He had been loyal in 1885. Little Wolf (Cheyenne) DaphneOdjig 9. @ 1993-2016. The western chiefs wore their treaty medals. He was regarded as a visionary and staunch warrior. (Lakota) None of the First Nations impressions of their trips are directly recorded. Englishman named John Rolfe. 147 Rev. Through interpreter Hourie the prime minister asked the tall (six-foot-three)104 dignified-looking Plains leader if he would give a Cree name to his 17-year old daughter. Cheyenne Each side came to the negotiations in early fall 1877 with their own agenda. Secretary Deb Haaland is a member of the Pueblo of Laguna, a 35th-generation New Mexican, and the first Native American appointed in 2021 to the position of cabinet secretary in her role as the head of the Department of the Interior. John A. Macdonald met Robert and the Loyal Methodist Chiefs during a surprise visit to the Metropolitan Church in Toronto during meetings of the national Methodist General Conference. 116 Ontario Board of Health, Annual Report, 1884, 98; quoted in Gregory A. Kealey, Hogtown. Gordon Smith, the Superintendent of the Six Nations, stated on 8 October 1908 that former pupils of the Mohawk Institute are reluctant to send their own children there because they consider the discipline is too strict. See: W.F. 121 Three Western Indians, Toronto Globe, 8 August 1886. Home of Canadas first Prime Minister and since 1930 Residences of High Commissioners for the United Kingdom in Canada (London: Commonwealth Relations Office, 1955), 21. The catalogue numbers for the images in the Glenbow Museum Archives in Calgary are; Crowfoot, Lacombe and Three Bulls, NA16541; Crowfoot, NA1821 and NA1822. In the late nineteenth century, few Plains First Nations people knew spoken and written English or French. 129 Pakans remarks, translated by John McDougall, Missionary Meeting, Regina Leader, 19 October 1886. ropes at a horseone around the horse's rider, one around She used oral histories as well as contemporary letters and documents. Left to right: One Spot, Red Crow, Jean L'Heureux, and North Axe. The boy learned to speak perfect English and the technical skills of farming. The Mohawk Institute impressed the Plains visitors. After leaving school Smith had become the Anglican Churchs Mohawk interpreter.69, On October 14 the visiting chiefs called at the Mohawk Institute itself. (Winnipeg now had 20,00015 people.) Full statement, Copyright 2023Canadas History Society | Privacy Policy | Terms & Conditions. 101 Library and Archives Canada/ C019258. As Jessies father, the Hamilton merchant John Osborne, was non-Indigenous, she would not have been legally recognized as a Mohawk. 56. 125 John McDougall translating Pakans remarks, Visit of Indian Chiefs, Berlin Daily News, 11 September 1886. opponent of the English, as he eventually led a band of Only ten years earlier warriors in the buffalo days consumed huge amounts of meat in a single sitting. By the time they got to Lethbridge, the last white mans town on their itinerary, their impassive faade, the public reserve shown to the Central Canadians, vanished. 1 August 1981, p. 306. The Last Great Days of the Plains Cree and the Blackfoot Confederacy (Toronto: Penguin Books, 2000), 293. killed at the Standing Rock Indian Reservation by the He succeeded early in the 19th century to the chieftainship of the strong Stustas kinship group which centered in the town of Kioosta on the coast of Graham id. The Plains visitors learned that two recent female graduates had begun their careers as schoolteachers, and two male graduates had obtained work, one as a carpenter, the other as a blacksmith.70, Jessie Osborne, a teacher at the school, was herself an 1883 Mohawk Institute graduate who had made the honour roll.71 the Globe reported, Each of the chiefs was presented with a pair of mittens made by the pupils under Miss Osbornes charge and Red Crow was so delighted with them that he wore his on the way home.72, Unstated was Osbornes genealogy. According to The Mush Hole: Life at Two Indian Residential Schools compiled by Elizabeth Graham, the school had a total of ninety students, including forty-five boys and forty-five girls. They returned to the federal capital, just before Red Crow, One Spot, and North Axe stepped off the train with LHeureux. Biographical Sketches and Names of Successful Students 1847 to 1875(Toronto: Warwick Bros & Rutter, 1898), 137. The Indian Act gave the department unwarranted autocratic power. battle for the rights of the Sioux to an area called the 151 John McDougall, A Midsummer Trip Among Our Missions in the North, The Missionary Outlook, March 1894, 36. Fortunately, all the 120 or so pupils escaped the fire. On account of his linguistic skill in Blackfoot, both the Catholic Church and the Indian Department employed him as an interpreter.7, The second individual, the legendary Roman Catholic priest Father Albert Lacombe, well respected by Native and non-Native alike, joined them in Ottawa, and accompanied them to Montreal and Quebec City. 140 Three Western Indians, Toronto Globe, 11 August 1886. An Intellectual & Political Biography of Alexander Morris (Saskatoon: Purich Publishing Limited, 2009), 165. F. Laurie Barron, The Indian Pass System in the Canadian West, 18821935, Prairie Forum, 13,1 (Spring 1988), 2542. Once the door closed, it descended, seemingly going to the place, where the white men say the Great Evil Spirit dwells. Finally it stopped. Translated by Elizabeth Mueller and Robert Chodos (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1993), 311. most popular female Native American. Her acceptance into the Mohawk Institute must have been a special case. Together with Hudsons Bay employee William Stuart and 150 Cree people, she started the 11-month trek across the subarctic. MISSION BASKETS He went to Canada for a short while after He-Dog (Oglala) At meals did they avoid the alien fork, and instead use only a knife and their hands to eat, as was their custom? Text of this page is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA, unless otherwise marked. A Reception Tendered Them at the Ottawa City Hall, Toronto Globe, 12 October 1886. Bull was a holy man and a Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux medicine P. Lacombe et les Chefs sauvages, Le Manitoba, 21 octobre 1886. Prairie Indian Reserve Farmers and Government Policy (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press, 1990), 120. McDougall worked hard for them, to see all the objects of interest in every place we visited.111 They travelled by rail, then by steamboat across Lakes Superior and Huron to Owen Sound. American Image Gallery, American Horse (Sioux) But for too long history textbooks have focused on great men, to the exclusion of all others. Some who participated in the rebellion fled to Rocky Boy's Reservation in Montana. Spotted Tail (Brule Sioux) The Top 10 list of Canada's greatest heroes did not include any women and only one person of colour. We often talk about her in our camps and about the good she did for us. John Ross (Cherokee) & He died at the ripe age of 87 at the Pine Ridge At the turn of the century E. Pauline Johnson, also known as Tekahionwake, had become Canadas best-known female poet and one of North Americas most notable entertainers. Iroquois, the Onondagas, the Senecas, the Cayugas, the Choncape SOVEREIGNTY But fortunately for the QuAppelle people, Macdonald was one of the more humane agents. The robust Starblanket, in contrast, came back to his community in good health and spirits.147 Red Crow, One Spot, and North Axe had a celebration when their tour neared its end. document.write("" ); document.write(" This page last updated " + document.lastModified). 114 Samson quoted (translated by John McDougall) in Three Western Indians, Toronto Globe, 8 August 1886. The Macdonalds were devoted to Mary, who was a victim of hydrocephalus, a debilitating disease, leading to a great enlargement of the head. Roman Nose (Cheyenne) A prominent Native American leader, Geronimo led the Obomsawin has performed and exhibited her work in major museums [PDF] and festival in North America and Europe, and received the Governor Generals Performing Arts Award in 2008. MEDALS OF HONOR Who are your heroes? Samson was entranced by the street lighting in the city, which seemed like the stars in heaven.114 Pakan was amazed by the buildings. 79 Fred Loft quoted in Canadas Residential Schools; The History, Part 1. 139 In the spring of 1885 Goodstoney had been one of several Stoney scouts who rode with McDougall in advance of the Alberta Field Force from Calgary to Edmonton.140, Recently Jonas had begun to farm, with cattle and horses.141 Before he left home he had marketed some new potatoes.142 Unlike Pakan and Samson, who appeared in Native dress, the Goodstoney wore a dark tweed coat, vest, and knickbockers.143, During their tour the Methodist chiefs were sometimes accompanied by Robert Steinhauer, a young Cree from Pakans community who was then completing his fourth and final year at Victoria College in Cobourg, Ontario. Indian language and culture were suppressed. (Arapaho) George Ham, Among the Bloods. Choctaw Chiefs 1830 - Present He was regarded as a visionary and Elijah Harper 2. frolicsome nature. of 138 Saturday, July 4, 1884, Toronto Evening Telegram, 5 July 1884; cited in Victoria Jane Freeman, Toronto Has No History! Indigeneity, Settler Colonialism and Historical Memory in Canadas Largest City (Ph. 134 Rev. Yet even when their discomfort turned to slurs and condescension,Tom Longboat's dignity remained intact. John McDougall, dated Morley, Alberta, 27 November 1886, Calgary Tribune, 3 December 1886. 1) Hiawatha As a leader of the Womens Federation of Anta, she openly criticized the modern effects of colonialism in Peru and encouraged the preservation of the ancient cultures of the Andes. Their main sustenance was the bison, which they used as food, as well as for all their garments. Urquhart and K.A.H. : Ahtahkakoop Publishing, 2000), 76. Disease, Politics of Starvation, and the Loss of Aboriginal Life (Regina: University of Regina Press, 2013), 172. 9 Hugh A. Dempsey, The Great Blackfoot Treaties (Victoria, B.C. Historical Perspectives on the First Nations(Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1994), 220. Sources: Tecumseh, James H. Marsh, The Canadian Encyclopedia; Canadahistory.com; St. Kateri, John Rasmussen, The Canadian Encyclopedia; Saint Kateri Tekakwitha, The Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops; Peguis, Memorable Manitobans; Peguis, Hugh A. Dempsey, The Canadian Encyclopedia; Thanadelthur, Heather Conn, The Canadian Encyclopedia; Manitoba history: Visioning Thanadelthur: Shaping a Canadian icon, Patricia A. McCormack; Gabriel Dumont, University of Saskatchewan Library; and Gabriel Dumont, The Canadian Encyclopedia. Our Loyal Indians. Whenever the issue of First Nations comes up in a news piece, you can lay a very safe bet on Chief Louie being raised in the comments section as an example how all First Nations leaders ought to be. The leaders of some Plains tribes wore large headdresses made of feathers, something which is wrongfully attributed by some to all First Nations peoples. Despite being a prominent figure, many historians are Arapaho Chiefs, American Indigenous people, likely Cree, sell bison horns as coat racks to train passengers at Medicine Hat, Alberta. As the most powerful chief in the region, Chief Peguis made treaties with the colonists to protect the interests of his people. Colonel Custer, which led to Custer's defeat at the Battle more widely known as a War Chief. The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, vol. Oneidas, and the Mohawks to 115 Surprised Indians, Toronto Evening Telegram, 11 August 1886. (Arapaho) decisions on various Indian affairs. Rev. chief. wrote a story that was based loosely on Hiawatha's life, Rosemarie Kuptana 6. One of Mistawasis daughters married James Dreaver from the Orkney Islands. Christensen, Ahtahkakoop, 565. Col. My object in going east was to get more schools for my people. 11 Walter McClintock, The Old North Trail, or Life, Legends and Religion of the Blackfeet Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1968; first published, 1910), 13. Google Translate and Bing are third party providers. After hearing from our audience, CBC Aboriginal was inspired to ask, in a decidedly unscientific manner, who are your indigenous heroes? Indian Chiefs 2023 Minute Media - All Rights Reserved. A Story of Tom Longboat. Website designed and developed by ecentricarts.com, Historical Thinking Community of Practice, Shifting Riel-ity: The 1885 North-West Rebellion, Who Do You Think I Am? A True American Hero Others have also reported. STATISTICS for 2008-May 2016 (CALIE.ORG website only): 14: 19111920 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998), 806. First Nations man, Alberta. He felt compelled to protect their land on their own terms. WebProvisional Chiefs George Hudson, 1860-1862 Samuel Garland, 1862-1864 Peter Pitchlynn, 1864-1866 Allen Wright, 1866-1870 William Bryant, 1870-1874 - genealogy needed Coleman Cole, 1874-1878 Isaac Garvin, 1878-1880 Jack McCurtain, 1880-1884 Edmund McCurtain, 1884-1886 Thompson McKinney, 1886-1888 Benjamin Franklin Smallwood, 1888-1890 The chiefs were most likely the only Native persons that many in their audiences had ever seen or heard speak. The roach headdresses, also known as porcupine roaches, were the most commonly used among the Native American headdresses. After ensuring that Mtis women and children were safe (and after looking for Riel), Dumont fled to the United States, where he lived until 1893. On the plains no matter how brave a man might have been, or successful in war, one could not hope to become a leader unless he was kind-hearted and willing to share with everyone in camp.24 Later Red Crow and North Axe after their journey to Central Canada told their fellow Bloods and Peigans when they returned: In many things the white men were inferior to the Indians, and that they were white savages.25, The white savages had strange customs, such as different approaches to the timing of meals. CODE TALKERS He HEALTH & MEDICAL 10, vol. Black This is a wonderful book that deserves to be better known. was sainted 332 years after her death. He carried messages with great bravery and success during the whole of the actions at Ypres, Festubert and Little Turtle (Miami) Hiawatha and Chief John Big Tree also are notable Iroquois. Pied de Corbeau, Le Canadien (Montral), 5 octobre 1886. 30 Indigenous Leaders | The Canadian Encyclopedia 78 The Mush Hole, comp. Hugh A. Dempsey, Red Crow, Warrior Chief (Saskatoon: Western Producer Prairie Books, 1980), 142143. They had always allowed him a great deal of freedom. Native Resistance Discourse 18501990 (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2010), 83. The Haida chief best known to the whites. Crowfoot | Biography, Facts, & Photo | Britannica However, as the war dragged on, the invasion began to take its toll. Big Child and Starblanket both petitioned the Canadian government for Big Bears release particularly as others, such as Poundmaker, had been freed in early 1886. I will never forget those wild rides beside my friend when, with a peculiar whoop and cry, he would start a herd, and then, watching the wind and lay of country, continue to manoeuvre them homewards.131, Newspapers interested Samson. Red Jacket (Seneca) John McDougall, and Rev. White Buffalo, Cheyenne To 49 Our Indian Visitors. You can tell your people in our newspapers what is going on all over the world. Starblanket was also about seventy years old. 55 John Hines quoted in Christenson, Ahtahkakoop, 448. From activists to politicians to artists and more, Aboriginal peoples have protected and promoted their heritage, asserted Aboriginal rights and inspired change. Chief Dan George 7. In later years he sent Shot Close, his favourite adopted child, to be educated at the St. Josephs Industrial School, also known as Dunbow, about forty kilometres southeast of Calgary. Wolf Robe, Cheyenne The two men were approximately the same age, around seventy. Sauk and Fox to fight settlers in Wisconsin and Illinois. He led his people in what is known in history as She took a vow of perpetual chastity and practiced mortification, submitting herself to severe physical discipline, fasting, flagellation and exposure to the pain of fire and cold, all of which were contrary to her peoples customs. Graham, 100104, the quote by Martin Benson, clerk of the Indian Schools, Department of Indian Affairs, appears on page 103. Christensen, Ahtahkakoop, 571. The Story of a Prairie People (Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press 1962), 219. In the spring of 1886 the undergraduate had written an article for Acta Victoriana, the Victoria College magazine. The Blackfoot and Cree had a common language Plains sign language that allowed them to express their thoughts and emotions. We dont like that.133, McDougall worked with host churches134 to pay the travelling expenses incurred through collections at talks by the loyal chiefs.135 Nightly, and sometimes twice on Sunday, the Indians addressed thousands of their fellow citizens.136 In McDougalls words, we visited most of the cities and towns between Sarnia and Montreal. The loyal chiefs attracted huge crowds in the metropolitan centres.137. Kent Monkman is a Cree multidisciplinary artist and one of the best-known Canadian artists today. The story was actually Major ethnicities include the: These peoples live in the boreal forest in what are now Canada's western provinces and territories.